对于体外膜氧合（ECMO）辅助患者的神经功能改变，目前的认知还远远不足，前瞻性研究的难度也非常大。脑梗死、脑出血等的诊断需要依靠特殊的辅助检查，如果只对少部分患者进行这些检查，诊断率和实际发生率之间就会具有较大差异。从应对神经系统并发症的方法看，目前尚无针对ECMO辅助患者神经系统并发症的特异性治疗手段。当前阶段，对ECMO辅助患者神经系统并发症的预防大于治疗，需要充分理解ECMO造成的病理生理改变，对有ECMO适应证的患者及早进行辅助治疗，在ECMO转机中做好每一个细节，加强监测，及时撤机。

The understanding of neurological function changes caused by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is far from enough, and the prospective research in this field is very difficult. The diagnosis of cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage depends on special examinations. Because only a small number of patients have undergone these examinations, there is a big difference between the diagnosis rate and the actual incidence rate. Moreover, there is no specific treatment for patients assisted with ECMO who suffered nervous system complications. At present, the prevention of nervous system complications is more important than the treatment. It is necessary to fully understand the pathophysiological changes caused by ECMO, give prompt assistance to patients with ECMO indications, and pay attention to details in every ECMO run, enhancement of monitoring and withdrawing ECMO in time are also helpful.