| [1] |
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012[J]. Crit Care Med, 2013, 41(2):580–637.
|
| [2] |
Quenot JP, Binquet C, Kara F, et al. The epidemiology of septic shock in French intensive care units: the prospective multicenter cohort EPISS study[J]. Crit Care, 2013,17(2):65.
|
| [3] |
Leentjens J, Kox M, Koch RM, et al. Reversal of immunoparalysis in humans in vivo: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized pilot study[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012, 186(9):838–845.
|
| [4] |
Boomer JS, To K, Chang KC, et al. Immunosuppression in patients: who die of sepsis and multiple organ failure[J]. JAMA, 2011, 306:2594–2605.
|
| [5] |
Venet F, Lukaszewicz AC, Payen D, et al. Monitoring the immune response in sepsis: a rational approach to administration of immunoadjuvant therapies[J]. Current Opinion in Immunology, 2013, 25(4):477–483.
|
| [6] |
Torgersen C, Moser P, Luckner G, et al. Macroscopic postmortem findings in 235 surgical intensive care patients with sepsis[J]. Anesth Analg, 2009,108(6):1841–1847.
|
| [7] |
Otto GP, Sossdorf M, Claus RA, et al. The late phase of sepsis is characterized by an increased microbiological burden and death rate[J]. Crit Care, 2011, 15(4):183.
|
| [8] |
Limaye AP, Kirby KA, Rubenfeld GD, et al. Cytomegalovirus reactivation in critically III immunocompetent patients[J]. JAMA, 2008, 300(4):413–422.
|
| [9] |
Meisel C, Schefold JC, Pschowski R, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to reverse sepsis-associated immunosuppression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 2009, 180(7):640–648.
|
| [10] |
Grimaldi D, Louis S, Pene F, et al. Profound and persistent decrease of circulating dendritic cells is associated with ICU-acquired infection in patients with septic shock[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2011, 37(9):1438–1446.
|
| [11] |
Guisset O, Dilhuydy MS, Thiebaut R, et al. Decrease in circulating dendritic cells predicts fatal outcome in septic shock[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2007, 33(1):148–152.
|
| [12] |
Le Tulzo Y, Pangault C, Amiot L, et al. Monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR transcriptional downregulation by cortisol during septic shock[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2004,169(10):1144–1151.
|
| [13] |
Tschaikowsky K, Hedwig-Geissing M, Schiele A, et al. Coincidence of proand anti-inflammatory responses in the early phase of severe sepsis: longitudinal study of mononuclear histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DR expression, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and changes in T-cell subsets in septic and postoperative patients[J]. Crit Care Med, 2002, 30(5):1015–1023.
|
| [14] |
Sachse C, Prigge M, Cramer G, et al. Association between reduced human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression on blood monocytes and increased plasma level of interleukin-10 in patients with severe burns[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med, 1999, 37(3):193–198.
|
| [15] |
Venet F, Tissot S, Debard AL, et al. Decreased monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression after severe burn injury:correlation with severity and secondary septic shock[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(8):1910–1917.
|
| [16] |
Haveman JW, van den Berg AP, van den Berk JM, et al. Low HLA-DR expression on peripheral blood monocytes predicts bacterial sepsis after liver transplantation: relation with prednisolone intake[J]. Transpl Infect Dis, 1999, 1(3):146–152.
|
| [17] |
Monneret G, Lepape A, Voirin N, et al. Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shock[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2006, 32(8):1175–1183.
|
| [18] |
Pachot A, Monneret G, Voirin N, et al. Longitudinal study of cytokine and immune transcription factor mRNA expression in septic shock[J]. Clin Immunol, 2005, 114(1):61–69.
|
| [19] |
Spolarics Z, Siddigi M, Siegel JH, et al. Depressed interleukin-12-producing activity by monocytes correlates with adverse clinical course and a shift toward Th2-type lymphocyte pattern in severely injured male trauma patients[J]. Crit Care Med, 2003, 31(6):1722–1729.
|
| [20] |
Monneret G, Debard AL, Venet F, et al. Marked elevation of human circulating CD4＋CD25＋ regulatory T cells in sepsis-induced immunoparalysis[J]. Crit Care Med , 2003, 31(7):2068–2071.
|
| [21] |
Sakaguchi S. Naturally rising CD4＋ regulatory T cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses[J]. Annu Rev Immunol, 2004, 22:531–562.
|
| [22] |
MacConmara MP, Maung AA, Fujimi S, et al. Increased CD4＋CD25＋T regulatory cell activity in trauma patients depresses protective Th1 immunity[J]. Ann Surg，2006, 244(4):514–523.
|
| [23] |
Scumpia PO, Delano MJ, Kelly KM, et al. Increased natural CD4＋CD25＋ regulatory T cells and their suppressor activity do not contribute to mortality in murine polymicrobial sepsis[J]. J Immunol, 2006, 177(11):7943–7949.
|
| [24] |
Cao C, Ma T, Chai YF, et al. The role of regulatory T cells in immune dysfunction during sepsis. World J Emerg Med. 2015; 6(1):5–9.
|
| [25] |
Offner H, Subramanian S, Parker SM, et al. Splenic atrophy in experimental stroke is accompanied by increased regulatory T cells and circulating macrophages[J]. J Immunol., 2006, 176(11):6523–6531.
|
| [26] |
Matsushima A, Ogura H, Fujita K, et al. Early activation of gammadelta T lymphocytes in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome[J]. Shock, 2004, 22(1):11–15.
|
| [27] |
De Freitas I, Fernandez-Somoza M, Essenfeld-Sekler E, et al. Serum levels of the apoptosis-associated molecules, tumor necrosis factor-alpha/tumor necrosis factor type-I receptor and Fas/FasL, in sepsis[J]. Chest, 2004, 125(6):2238–2246.
|
| [28] |
Papathanassoglou ED, Moynihan JA, McDermott MP, et al. Expression of Fas (CD95) and Fas ligand on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in critical illness and association with multiorgan dysfunction severity and survival[J]. Crit Care Med, 2001, 29(4):709–718.
|
| [29] |
Roth G, Moser B, Krenn C, et al. Susceptibility to programmed cell death in T-lymphocytes from septic patients: a mechanism for lymphopenia and Th2 predominance[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2003, 308(4):840–846.
|
| [30] |
Bilbault P, Lavaux T, Lahlou A. et al. Transient Bcl-2 gene down-expression in circulating mononuclear cells of severe sepsis patients who died despite appropriate intensive care[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2004, 30(3):408–415.
|
| [31] |
Bilbault P, Lavaux T, Launoy A, et al. Influence of drotrecogin alpha (activated) infusion on the variation of Bax/Bcl-2 and Bax/Bcl-xl ratios in circulating mononuclear cells:a cohort study in septic shock patients[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(1):69–75.
|
| [32] |
Hoesel LM, Neff TA, Neff SB, et al. Harmful and protective roles of neutrophils in sepsis[J]. Shock, 2005, 24(1):40–47.
|
| [33] |
Rimmelé T, Kaynar AM, McLaughlin JN, et al. Leukocyte capture and modulation of cell- mediated immunity during human sepsis: an ex vivo study[J]. Crit Care, 2013, 17(2):59.
|
| [34] |
Demaret J, Walencik A, Jacob MC, et al. Inter-Laboratory Assessment of Flow Cytometric Monocyte HLA-DR Expression in Clinical Samples[J]. Cytometry B Clin Cytom, 2013, 84(1):59–62.
|