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光生物调节在重症肺部感染辅助治疗中的研究进展

  • 郭清清 1 ,
  • 林建东 , 1,
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  • 1.350005 福州,福建医科大学附属第一医院重症医学科
通信作者:林建东,Email:

Copy editor: 卫轲

收稿日期: 2022-01-16

  网络出版日期: 2022-07-05

版权

未经授权,不得转载、摘编本刊文章,不得使用本刊的版式设计,除非特别声明,本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华医学会和本刊编委会的观点。本刊为电子期刊,以网刊形式出版。

Advances in photobiomodulation as adjunctive therapy in severe pulmonary infections

  • Qingqing Guo 1 ,
  • Jiandong Lin , 1,
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  • 1.Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
Corresponding author: Lin Jiandong, Email:

Received date: 2022-01-16

  Online published: 2022-07-05

Copyright

Copyright by Chinese Medical Association No content published by the journals of Chinese Medical Association may be reproduced or abridged without authorization. Please do not use or copy the layout and design of the journals without permission. All articles published represent the opinions of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy of the Chinese Medical Association or the Editorial Board, unless this is clearly specified.

摘要

肺部感染是临床最常见的感染性疾病之一,其发病率和病死率逐年上升,重症肺部感染,尤其是COVID-19,给社会和家庭带来巨大的负担。因此,我们迫切需要研究和开发可用于控制肺部感染发生发展的有效抗菌抗炎策略。光生物调节(PBM)治疗主要是通过细胞内的光化学反应影响细胞代谢途径和基因表达模式,具有抗菌杀菌、消除炎症、调节免疫、促进血液循环和组织修复等作用,逐渐成为医学领域的新型治疗手段。本综述以PBM治疗的细胞和分子机制为切入点,深入探讨PBM辅助治疗肺部感染的可行性,以期为临床重症肺部感染患者寻求新的治疗策略,改善患者预后。

本文引用格式

郭清清 , 林建东 . 光生物调节在重症肺部感染辅助治疗中的研究进展[J]. 中华重症医学电子杂志, 2022 , 08(02) : 173 -179 . DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-1537.2022.02.014

Abstract

Pulmonary infection is one of the commonest infectious diseases in clinical practice. Its incidence and mortality rates increase year by year. Severe pneumonia, especially COVID-19, places a significant burden on societies and families. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop more effective antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory strategies to control severe pulmonary infections. PBM, with intracellular photochemical reactions affecting cellular metabolic pathways and gene expression patterns, is a novel therapeutic tool in medicine. It has antibacterial and bactericidal effects, eliminate inflammation, regulate immunity, and promote blood circulation and tissue repair. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of PBM to explore the feasibility of PBM as adjuvant therapy for pulmonary infection and find new treatment strategies for patients with severe pneumonia and improve their prognosis.

光生物调节(photobiomodulation,PBM)又称为低强度激光治疗(low-level laser therapy,LLLT),是将细胞或组织暴露于自然光源或人工光源所产生的各种光能辐射,诱导细胞内的光化学反应来调节细胞活性的物理治疗方法1,临床上多应用发光二极管(light-emitting diode,LED)。随着LED技术迅速发展,发光效率不断提升,更多的光生物学意义不断被发现,这使得原本应用于照明领域的LED逐步在医疗领域崭露头角,PBM的临床价值不断被发掘,应用范围也越来越广泛,逐渐成为医学领域的新型治疗手段2
肺部感染是指终末气道、肺泡腔等在内的肺实质炎症,是临床上最常见的感染性疾病之一。随着全球范围内抗生素抗性细菌的增加,肺部感染的发生率和病死率大大增加。据世界卫生组织统计,全球肺部感染发病率约为4.5亿例/年,且每年约有400万人死于该病3,因此研究和开发新的替代或辅助的抗菌策略显得尤为重要。
PBM具有杀菌、消除炎症、促进血液循环和组织修复等作用,因此被认为是可进一步开发用于控制肺部感染发生发展的有效抗菌策略之一4,以避免使用更多更广谱和潜在临床毒性的抗生素,降低肺部感染的发病率和病死率。本文对近年来PBM在医学领域特别是肺部感染相关领域的研究进展进行总结,探讨其辅助治疗重症肺部感染的可行性。

一、激光与PBM的关系

PBM是指以光的形式应用非电离辐射来达到治疗疾病的目的5, 6,临床上常用的非电离光源包括相干光(如激光器)和非相干光(如发光二极管)。光生物医学效应可以分为热损伤效应、光动力效应(photodynamic effects,PDE)和PBM7。其中热损伤效应和光动力效应在杀菌的同时可能会引起周围细胞的损伤或功能低下8。而PBM是一种非热过程,利用光能辐射诱导细胞内的光化学反应来调节细胞活性,不引起细胞损伤5。其光生物学原理是,当光辐照细胞或组织时,发色团吸收光子,光子能量会使电子被激发,刺激基态电子向高能轨道移动,高能电子通过细胞色素C氧化酶(cytochrome coxidase,CCO)等生物跨膜载体传递到最终的电子受体9, 10。这个过程产生了一个质子梯度,有助于三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)的产生,并通过影响细胞代谢途径和基因表达模式等产生积极作用9。具体作用包括增加ATP和活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、调节转录因子、促进胶原合成、刺激血管生成、增加血流量等方面5。PBM采用低功率光源(通常低于500 mW,具体取决于目标组织),治疗过程中不发生热反应,不会导致靶组织温度升高11,其轻微副作用包括皮肤刺激、瘙痒和发红,但危害不大12。因此,PBM被认为是一种安全、有效、低成本、可重复的治疗方法,已广泛应用于医学领域,其在组织修复和再生13、伤口愈合14、减少炎症、疼痛缓解15和氧化还原16等方面具有重要作用。

二、PBM的作用机制

PBM的应用最早是由匈牙利医生Mester教授等17在1967年提出的,他在研究辐射对癌细胞生长的影响时,发现激光照射可以加速小鼠的毛发生长。但是直到20世纪80年代,Karu教授18提出使用激光作为治疗细胞衰竭的方法后,PBM的临床价值不断被发掘,应用范围也越来越广泛,逐渐成为医学领域的新型治疗手段。因此,阐明PBM的潜在作用机制可以更好地理解PBM对细胞的影响及其改善炎症的各种益处,探讨其对肺部感染的辅助治疗作用。

(一)负责PBM的生色团

PBM是一种基于光子的疗法,光子被组织或细胞内的某些分子(称为发色团)吸收后激发光化学反应,从而改变细胞膜通透性、影响细胞代谢途径和决定基因表达模式10。目前认为PBM的主要靶点是线粒体的电子传递链(electron transfer chain,ETC),特别是复合物Ⅳ,即CCO,其作为红-近红外区域的主要光受体,可能在PBM作用机制中发挥重要作用19。CCO是线粒体ETC中催化氧化还原以进行能量代谢的末端酶,由13个蛋白质亚单位组成,包含两个血红素中心(血红素a和血红素a3)以及两个铜中心(CuA和CuB)20,每个金属中心都可以以氧化或还原状态存在,并且具有不同的吸收光谱。CCO具有红光吸收峰(血红素a 605 nm;还原型CuA 620 nm;血红素a3/CuB 655 nm;氧化型CuB 680 nm)和近红外光吸收峰(还原型CuB 760 nm;氧化型CuA氧化,825 nm)21。常见发色团还包括光敏离子通道,如瞬时受体电位(transient receptor potential,TRP)通道,是由磷脂酰肌醇调节的钙通道,激光照射后,细胞内Ca2+增加22。生物组织中还含有其他一系列生色团,例如水、氧合血红蛋白、脱氧血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、黑色素、细胞色素、黄素和视蛋白等2023。水分子在>970 nm的波长上显著吸收光能,而<600 nm的波长被黄素、血红蛋白、黑色素和视蛋白吸收2023。光穿透组织是由组织中存在的分子和结构的吸收、散射、反射和投射等共同决定的。波长800~850 nm是CCO的吸收峰,但由于光散射的存在,光子可能无法穿透更深的组织。然而,在1064~1072 nm波长处,虽然CCO的光吸收小于800~850 nm波长段,但由于血红蛋白吸收和光散射较低,该光谱处的光更容易穿过组织,并且可以刺激位于更深结构中的CCO或离子通道24, 25, 26。当波长较长时,特别是>1200 nm的波长范围,水成为重要的吸收剂,穿透深度再次变短27。因此,PBM治疗的有效性取决于激光类型和靶组织相容性以及细胞光化学反应相关的各种参数,如波长、功率、功率密度、能量密度、治疗持续时间和光传递模式(连续或脉冲)等28

(二)PBM作用的细胞和分子机制

关于PBM治疗的细胞和分子机制,目前公认的理论为,PBM与目标细胞发生光化学反应1929。线粒体CCO吸收光子,刺激发色团中的电子向高能轨道移动,高能电子从电子载体通过一系列跨膜复合物传递到最终的电子受体,产生质子梯度,该梯度被ATP合成酶用于产生ATP30。增加的ATP可能通过提高细胞能量水平和上调参与许多信号通路的cAMP分子而产生积极作用31。PBM治疗还涉及转录因子的激活32,包括核因子(nuclear factor,NF)-κB、缺氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducing factor,HIF)-1α、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor,PPAR)等33,其中NF-κB可参与调节与炎症、应激等细胞功能相关的各种基因的表达。PBM刺激NF-κB的产生,导致基因转录增强,从而减少细胞凋亡,促进细胞增殖和迁移34。关于PBM细胞机制的另一个理论是光子辐射。PBM增强线粒体呼吸链中的电子流,这是CCO接受光子的结果,导致ROS产生增加35。已知高水平的ROS具有细胞毒性,导致多个信号级联被中断36。然而,低水平的ROS可作为各种信号通路的次级信使,调节受氧化还原反应影响并参与增殖和分化的蛋白质分子36。其次,PBM可刺激一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)与环氧化酶(cycloxygenase,COX)的分离,从而逆转NO对COX结合位点的抑制,导致线粒体膜氧化应激的变化35,减少氧化应激标志物并增加抗氧化物质36,从而激活一系列细胞事件,增加电子传递、线粒体膜电位和线粒体产物(如ATP、NADH、RNA),产生相应的生理效应35

三、重症肺部感染迫切需要新的抗菌策略

肺部感染是指不同病因、不同病原菌、在不同场合所导致的肺实质(呼吸单位)炎症,几乎所有的致病微生物和寄生虫都可以引起肺部感染,是临床上最常见的感染性疾病之一。当肺部炎症发展到一定疾病阶段,可恶化加重成为重症肺炎(severe pneumonia,SP),引起器官功能障碍甚至危及生命。SP患者病情复杂且危重,常伴随严重并发症,住院时间长,预后差,病死率高达30%~50%,给家庭和社会带来巨大的经济负担3。随着全球范围内抗生素抗性细菌的增加,肺部感染的发生率和病死率大大增加。据统计,全球肺部感染居世界人口十大死因的第4位37。目前,SP临床诊疗面临的主要难点如下:(1)新病原体或原有病原体变异株的出现:例如,此次的新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)大流行在全世界迅速蔓延,导致数亿人感染,数百万人死亡,使我们付出沉重生命代价,承受巨大经济损失38。(2)抗生素使用不合理,耐药性增加:抗菌药物抑菌或杀菌是通过损伤DNA、抑制蛋白质合成或者阻断DNA合成等途径实现的38。随着抗菌药物的广泛应用,越来越多的细菌出现耐药性,且耐药水平也越来越高,呈全球发展趋势39。这是因为抗菌药物的大量使用和滥用,促使细菌获得新的耐药基因,同时获得毒力决定簇40。(3)医疗费用增长过快:给家庭和社会带来巨大的经济负担,甚至于因为经济因素放弃治疗。因此,研究和开发可有效控制SP发生发展且经济、简便、安全的辅助治疗策略势在必行。

四、细胞和动物试验证实PBM可辅助治疗肺部感染

随着光学技术的进步和PBM的快速发展,科学家揭示了几种可有效控制感染的光谱,如蓝光具有杀菌作用,红光具有消除炎症、改善循环、促进伤口愈合等作用,红外光具有改善局部血液循环,促进炎性渗出的吸收和组织肿胀的消退等作用3341, 42。这些光谱的照射对肺部感染常见的致病病原体也具有抗菌杀菌作用43,同时可以减少肺部炎症和纤维化,减少急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的发生,从而缩短肺部感染的病程,改善预后。

(一)杀菌作用

大量细胞试验已证实,PBM对肺部感染常见致病菌具有抗菌、杀菌和抑制生物膜形成等作用,且PBM的敏感性与菌群耐药谱无关。例如:蓝光(波长415 nm)可显著降低烧伤小鼠模型中鲍曼不动杆菌的细菌负荷,且连续照射后不会诱导耐药性的产生44。红外光(880 nm)能够显著降低体外粪肠球菌的存活率,同时具有抗生物膜活性45。光动力疗法对肺炎链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌甚至白色念珠菌都有有效的抗菌活性4346, 47, 48。光谱照射不仅对细菌和真菌具有灭活作用,对病毒同样有效。研究发现,蓝光特别是脉冲蓝光可以干扰细胞内病毒复制,对多种冠状病毒株具有潜在的抗病毒作用,尤其是β冠状病毒,如严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2),效果更显著49, 50, 51。可见光联合光催化剂还可用于灭活单纯疱疹病毒、细小病毒、流感病毒、噬菌体等病毒51, 52, 53。此外,相关研究还发现PBM的杀菌活性与菌群耐药谱无关,脉冲蓝光(410 nm)对多药耐药性的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌(包括超广谱β-内酰胺类抗生素和多黏菌素耐药的高危克隆菌株)具有灭活作用54, 55。因此PBM相对于抗菌素来说,可以针对更广泛的病原体提供有效的治疗,包括多重耐药菌4355

(二)抗炎作用

ARDS和细胞因子风暴是肺炎的严重并发症,也是导致死亡的主要原因。PBM作为医疗领域的新型治疗手段,具有抗炎和调节免疫的作用,越来越多的研究证明,PBM治疗对ARDS和细胞因子风暴有效,同时可以促进愈合和组织再生。肺部疾病和感染的实验和动物模型揭示了多种细胞和分子效应,包括下调促炎细胞因子,上调抗炎细胞因子,减轻肺部炎症反应56, 57, 58,同时减少肺毛细血管渗漏、减轻肺间质增厚,改善肺静态和动态顺应性58, 59,改善肺部感染的转归和预后。Mafra等56发现,脂多糖诱导大鼠肺部炎症后,用连续红光(650 nm)照射可以降低肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中的中性粒细胞和肿瘤坏死因子α(tumour necrosis factor α,TNF-α)水平,增加cAMP,并降低肺泡巨噬细胞中的TNF-α m-RNA,从而降低ARDS的发病率。Moraes团队通过小鼠COPD实验模型发现,连续红光(660 nm)照射治疗,可显著减少BALF液中炎症细胞和促炎细胞因子[白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6和TNF-α],降低胶原沉积,同时增加IL-10的释放57。而在小鼠肺纤维化实验模型中也发现,PBM治疗在减轻肺部炎症的同时可以减少胶原蛋白产生和肺间质增厚,从而改善肺静态和动态顺应性58, 59。这是因为PBM在多种水平上对细胞因子和缓激肽风暴具有细胞和分子效应60。PBM可以下调IL-1、IL-6、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白2(macrophage inflammatory protein 2,MIP-2)mRNA、前列腺素和TNF-α等促炎细胞因子,上调IL-10等抗炎细胞因子,同时减少肺微血管渗漏,激活巨噬细胞、T细胞和中性粒细胞内流5761, 62, 63。因此,PBM治疗可以在不损害肺功能的前提下减轻炎症反应,是治疗肺部炎症性疾病,特别是重症肺炎或特殊病原体感染的一种有希望的可开发的新型治疗手段。

五、PBM辅助治疗临床重症肺部感染的可行性

在肺炎的动物模型和体外试验中,均已证实PBM具有杀菌、抗炎、调节免疫作用,可用于辅助治疗肺部感染。但是,将PBM的作用机制转化为临床应用,不仅与波长有关,还与其产生光子的穿透能力以及机体组织中各种物质对光子的吸收能力等因素有关,只有让足够的光子进入靶组织或靶细胞才能产生相应的生物学效应。那么,PBM是否能使临床肺部感染患者也受益呢?
目前,PBM已被用于多种神经系统疾病的治疗64, 65, 66,其中经颅红外脑刺激(transcurcranial infrared brain stimulation,TIBS)作为PBM的一种治疗形式,已被证实可以穿透头皮和头骨到达脑组织65, 66。肺脏作为胸腔内脏器,可以通过肋间隙进行照射,而不需要考虑对骨骼的穿透性。因此,PBM应用于肺部感染,相对于经颅照射应该具有更好的临床效果。红光和近红外光具有较高的组织穿透性和较低的组织吸收率,特别是高能量光波,其具有深部组织穿透力,可用于肺脏等内脏器官的光生物治疗67
COVID-19全球暴发流行后,全世界研究者开始寻找抗病毒和抗炎治疗的药物和手段,PBM治疗再次引起关注。这是因为PBM在炎症和免疫调节方面发挥多能作用68,在多个水平上减弱细胞因子风暴,并减少主要炎症介质,与常规治疗相结合有可能阻止COVID-19的进展,改善预后60。在个案报道和随机临床研究中均发现,用PBM辅助治疗COVID-19肺炎患者,特别是重症患者,可明显改善急性期症状和胸部影像学,减少对呼吸机支持和ICU住院的需求,缩短病程,改善预后6769, 70,且无长期后遗症70。既往相关临床研究也发现,PBM可用于辅助治疗肺部炎症性疾病。Amirov等71发现,PBM联合药物治疗是治疗社区获得性肺炎的有效方法,可以改善外呼吸功能和局部微循环。Puri等72在常规抗结核化疗的基础上加用890 nm砷化镓LLLT治疗,患者痰中结核杆菌清除速度更快。而在COPD的诊治中,研究者们也发现,PBM治疗具有调节免疫紊乱的作用,降低IL-6水平和增加CD4/CD8比例73,促进支气管的引流功能,加速临床症状的消除74,可有效改善COPD患者的呼吸肌强度和急性呼吸功能,提高6 min步行试验的步行距离75。因此,PBM被认为是可被研究和开发用于辅助治疗肺部感染的有效抗菌策略。

六、总结与展望

抗菌药物的大量使用和滥用,使细菌耐药性增加,肺部感染发病率和病死率逐年上升,给社会和家庭带来巨大的负担,因此我们迫切需要开发新的有效抗菌策略。PBM作为医学领域的一种新型治疗手段,具有操作简单方便,治疗费用低,安全可靠,无特殊并发症,且对治疗场地要求不高等优势,应用越来越广泛。随着光学技术的进步和PBM的快速发展,科学家们发现PBM具有杀菌抗菌、消除炎症、促进血液循环和组织修复等作用,可能可以用于辅助治疗肺部感染,这一假设在大量的体外和动物试验中已经得到验证。但目前关于这方面的临床研究为数不多,需要通过稳健和严格的随机、双盲、大规模临床试验进一步论证PBM辅助治疗肺部感染的可行性。相信随着PBM治疗肺部感染相关问题的逐个破解,将为肺部感染,包括此次COVID-19提供新的治疗策略,改善患者预后。
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