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中华重症医学电子杂志 ›› 2020, Vol. 06 ›› Issue (03) : 272 -282. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-1537.2020.03.007

所属专题: 指南规范 文献 指南共识

专家共识

重症患者气道廓清技术专家共识
中国病理生理危重病学会呼吸治疗学组   
  • 收稿日期:2020-04-24 出版日期:2020-08-28

Expert consensus of airway clearance in critically ill patients

Respiratory Therapy Group of Chinese Society of Critical Care Medicine   

引用本文:

中国病理生理危重病学会呼吸治疗学组. 重症患者气道廓清技术专家共识[J]. 中华重症医学电子杂志, 2020, 06(03): 272-282.

Respiratory Therapy Group of Chinese Society of Critical Care Medicine. Expert consensus of airway clearance in critically ill patients[J]. Chinese Journal of Critical Care & Intensive Care Medicine(Electronic Edition), 2020, 06(03): 272-282.

气道廓清技术可用于多种疾病的治疗。制定此专家共识目的是基于重症患者气道廓清的受损机制,结合药物和非药物气道廓清治疗的原理,选择合适的治疗方案。重症患者气道廓清技术的专家共识有:(1)高渗盐水及等渗盐水雾化治疗可用于诱导痰液生成,以利于标本采集;(2)对有创机械通气患者,建议根据气道分泌物黏度按需雾化吸入乙酰半胱氨酸;(3)由于缺乏气道廓清药物静脉制剂雾化吸入的安全性和有效性证据,建议不使用气道廓清药物静脉制剂雾化吸入用于重症患者气道廓清治疗;(4)对患者实施气道廓清治疗前均需进行呼吸功能和排痰障碍原因的评估,以制定个体化的气道廓清方案;(5)呼气末正压/高频振荡呼气末正压可用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管扩张、囊性纤维化患者的气道廓清,其相对常规物理治疗疗效更明确,治疗效果取决于所选装置、设定阻力以及患者的依从性;(6)气道廓清联合治疗优于单一方案,对于有人工气道的患者,气管镜联合振动排痰能显著增加气道分泌物的清除量;(7)机械咳嗽辅助技术可用于呼气肌无力的患者,而气道阻塞性疾病患者应谨慎使用。

Airway clearance therapy is used to treat many diseases. This expert consensus is based on the impaired mechanism of airway clearance in critically ill patients, combined with the principles of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapy, to select the appropriate treatment plan according to the following recommendations: (1) Hypertonic saline and isotonic saline atomization therapy can be used to induce the formation of sputum to facilitate specimen collection; (2) for patients with invasive mechanical ventilation, it is recommended that acetylcysteine be inhaled as needed according to the viscosity of airway secretion; (3) due to the lack of evidence on the safety and effectiveness of airway clearance drug inhalation, it is recommended not to use intravenous medication for aerosol inhalation; (4) before airway clearance, the causes of respiratory function and sputum excretion disorders should be evaluated to develop individualized airway clearance regimen; (5) PEP/OPEP can be used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis, which is more effective than conventional physical therapy, The therapeutic effect depends on the selected device, the set resistance and the compliance of patients; (6) the combined application of airway clearance technology is better than a single modality. For patients with artificial airways, tracheoscopy combined with vibratory sputum treatment significantly increases the clearance of airway secretions; (7) mechanical cough assistive technology can be used for patients with expiratory muscles weakness, but should be used with caution in patients with obstructive airway disease.

表1 肺膨胀技术的使用原则
适应证 技术名称 目的 治疗流程 频次 禁忌证 注意事项
肺活量>10 ml/kg或深吸气量>1/3预测值 指导性咳嗽[79] 教会原发或继发咳嗽受限的患者掌握主动咳嗽的时机和技巧 建议采取坐姿,需为患者提供胸腹部支撑,患者一侧肩膀向内旋转,头部和脊柱略微弯曲以利于呼气和对胸腔施压。如果患者无法坐起,则应抬高床头并确保患者膝盖略微弯曲使双脚支撑在床垫上进行咳嗽。用力呼气方法为在张开嘴和声门的同时快速发出"huff,huff,huff"的声音 按需 无绝对禁忌证 需首先解决影响咳嗽能力的医源性因素,如疼痛、药物影响
  主动呼吸循环技术[80] 呼吸控制、胸廓扩张运动和用力呼气技术的组合。深呼吸次数、用力呼气次数和呼吸控制时间的长短随患者的病情而灵活变化 主动呼吸循环技术周期:(1)放松和呼吸控制;(2)3~5次胸廓扩张练习;(3)放松和呼吸控制;(4)重复3~5次胸廓扩张练习;(5)重复放松和呼吸控制;(6)执行1~2次用力呼气技术,取决于痰液性状和量;(7)重复放松和呼吸控制 每天1~2次+按需 无绝对禁忌证 需要一定学习理解能力;在病情加重期间或患者无法深呼吸时不易执行
  自体引流[81] 利用不同肺体积的控制呼吸使分泌物向中央气道松动、聚集和排出 第1阶段:低呼吸量以松动周围呼吸道分泌物;第2阶段:中等(潮气)呼吸使中间气道黏液聚集;第3阶段:大呼吸量使大气道痰液排出 每天1~2次+按需,取决于分泌物量 无绝对禁忌证 需要一定学习理解能力;在病情加重期间或患者无法深呼吸时不易执行
肺活量<10 ml/kg或深吸气量<1/3预测值 无创正压通气或持续气道正压[72] 无需建立人工气道,给予一定通气辅助,使呼吸肌得到休息,最小化有创通气时镇静药物对肌力的影响 - 每天3次+按需 颈面部创伤、烧伤及畸形,近期曾行颈面部、口腔、食道及胃手术;上呼吸道梗阻或存在未引流的气胸;患者不能合作或极度紧张、烦躁 需要患者配合;使用过程需预防返流误吸
  间歇气道正压[72] 短时(15 min)间歇气道正压,帮助患者深吸气,可增加雾化药物输送效率 评估患者与咬嘴的配合能力,如有需要,可以在老年人中使用合适的面罩;调节吸气压力10~15 cmH2O,通过听诊或胸廓运动幅度判断是否到达合适的肺容积;嘱患者进行缓慢而深的吸气,在吸气结束时短暂停顿,然后呼气;整个过程应尽量避免漏气 每天3次+按需 颈面部创伤、烧伤及畸形,近期曾行颈面部、口腔、食道及胃手术;上呼吸道梗阻或存在未引流的气胸;患者不能合作或极度紧张、烦躁 急性哮喘时慎用
表2 气道振荡技术的使用原则
适应证 技术名称 目的 治疗流程 频次 禁忌证 注意事项
内振荡(痰液黏稠) 呼气末正压/振动呼气末正压[82,83,84] 呼气末产生一定正压维持气道和肺泡开放,促进分泌物排除 使用固定或可变孔径的装置产生10~20 cmH2O的阻力 每天2次;每次6~12组呼吸循环 未经引流的气胸、血液动力学不稳定、颅内压增高、近期颌面外科手术或创伤、可疑或存在活动性咯血或鼓膜破裂时禁用 仅用于可深呼吸并产生足够高的呼气流量的患者
  肺内叩击通气[85,86] 提供脉冲式气道正压,在气道内产生叩击振荡,促进气道分泌物松动、排除。有利于增加纤毛黏液系统的清除功能 不推荐在辅助/控制或控制机械通气模式下使用;可在关闭压力支持的P-SIMV、V-SIMV或持续气道正压中使用,PEEP维持不变,保持驱动压力恒定(15 cmH2O),脉冲频率每隔5 min在一般与强之间切换1次;每次治疗维持20 min,必要时进行气道内吸引 每天3~4次+按需,取决于分泌物量 未经引流的气胸、血液动力学不稳定、颅内压增高、近期颌面外科手术或创伤、可疑或存在活动性咯血或鼓膜破裂时禁用 30~40 cmH2O,顺应性越高,设置压力越低;间歇期进行咳嗽指导或气道内吸引
外振荡(痰液位于外周气道) 振动和叩击[72] 用有节奏的手法手动叩击胸壁或用机械装置使其振动,以松动气道分泌物 振动:双手重叠放置于外胸壁,靠操作者肩部和手臂肌肉用力,在患者呼气的同时进行振动,帮助分泌物排出;叩击:操作者通过手腕有节奏的屈曲和伸展,以一定的速度和力量扣拍患者胸壁,需要通过练习确定合适的力量和节奏 每天3~4次+按需,取决于分泌物量 胸壁不稳定;无法改变体位;不稳定的深静脉血栓或肺动脉栓塞;未经引流的气胸;血液动力学不稳定;近期胸部外科手术或创伤;可疑或存在活动性咯血时禁用 避免叩击创伤或外科手术部位,切勿直接在骨突起(如锁骨,椎骨)上进行扣击
  高频胸壁振荡[84,86] 通过可充气背心,给患者外胸壁提供高频和小容量的气体脉冲,使气道分泌物聚集,利于排出 穿戴合适型号可充气背心,根据患者耐受性设置频率、强度 每天3~4次+按需,取决于分泌物量 胸壁不稳定;无法改变体位;不稳定的深静脉血栓或肺动脉栓塞;未经引流的气胸;血液动力学不稳定;近期胸部外科手术或创伤;可疑或存在活动性咯血时禁用 年龄>2岁;使用此设备时应避免留置导尿管和胸腔引流管
表3 其他气道廓清技术的使用原则
适应证 技术名称 目的 治疗流程 频次 禁忌证 注意事项
辅助咳嗽技术(呼气肌力下降) 手法辅助咳嗽[72,75,79] 主要用于呼气肌力量下降患者的辅助,模拟正常咳嗽机制,增加咳嗽峰流量 在患者用力呼气同时由外部对患者胸部或上腹部施压 每天3次+按需 腹腔高压 对肋骨外侧边缘和上腹部施加压力有风险的患者不宜使用
  机械式吸入呼出装置[72,75,79] 通过增加吸呼气压力差模拟咳嗽,增加呼气流量、促进分泌物排出。适用于神经肌肉疾病患者 5个呼吸循环-正压(吸气)、负压(呼气),随后进行正常的自主呼吸或辅助呼吸(避免过度通气),重复这个过程直至无痰液排出 每天3~4次 未经引流的气胸、血液动力学不稳定、颅内压增高、近期颌面外科手术或创伤、可疑或存在活动性咯血或鼓膜破裂时禁用 操作时应关注患者配合程度以及耐受性,避免人机对抗造成气压伤;可能会加重阻塞性疾病的气道塌陷
气道内吸引 人工气道/支气管镜[72,87,88] 清除气道分泌物的有创方法,效率高 - 必要时 无绝对禁忌 有一定创伤性;分泌物位于较大气道时吸引更有效
体位引流(建议联用其他气道廓清技术) 体位引流[72,89] 通过体位变化在重力作用下将病变肺段的分泌物移动到大气道被清除(影像学指导) - 每天3次+按需;每个体位保持3~15 min 绝对禁忌:不稳定的头颈部损伤;活动性出血伴血液动力学不稳定者 呼吸急促的患者可能无法耐受特殊体位(头低位);无法同时进行雾化治疗
活动/运动 早期被动活动/主动运动[72] 体位改变改善通气血流比,减少长期卧床并发症发生,运动增强活动耐力,提高生活质量 - 每天2次+按需 不稳定的脊柱、长骨骨折;无法改变体位者 气道高反应性患者有诱发支气管痉挛风险,需严密监测
图1 胸部影像图 图a为左肺不张,图b为左肺复张
图2 电阻抗断层成像图 图a为左肺不张,图b为左肺复张
图3 气道廓清技术流程
图4 气道廓清药物流程
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