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中华重症医学电子杂志 ›› 2016, Vol. 02 ›› Issue (04) : 254 -257. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-1537.2016.04.006

所属专题: 重症医学 文献

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免疫抑制患者合并低氧性呼吸衰竭还需要无创通气吗?
田野1, 黄絮1, 李敏1, 詹庆元1,()   
  1. 1. 100029 北京,卫生计生委中日友好医院呼吸与危重症医学科
  • 收稿日期:2016-11-02 出版日期:2016-11-28
  • 通信作者: 詹庆元
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1304300); 国家自然科学基金面上项目(1470270); 首都临床特色应用研究与成果推广项目(Z161100000516116)

Does immunocompromised patient with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure still need noninvasive ventilation?

Ye Tian1, Xu Huang1, Min Li1, Qingyuan Zhan1,()   

  1. 1. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
  • Received:2016-11-02 Published:2016-11-28
  • Corresponding author: Qingyuan Zhan
  • About author:
    Corresponding author: Zhan Qingyuan, Email:
引用本文:

田野, 黄絮, 李敏, 詹庆元. 免疫抑制患者合并低氧性呼吸衰竭还需要无创通气吗?[J/OL]. 中华重症医学电子杂志, 2016, 02(04): 254-257.

Ye Tian, Xu Huang, Min Li, Qingyuan Zhan. Does immunocompromised patient with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure still need noninvasive ventilation?[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Critical Care & Intensive Care Medicine(Electronic Edition), 2016, 02(04): 254-257.

接受常规有创机械通气的免疫抑制合并急性低氧性呼吸衰竭患者具有很高的病死率。早期临床研究表明,早期应用无创正压通气(noninvasive positive pressure ventilation,NPPV)可显著改善氧合、降低气管插管率和呼吸机相关并发症。尽管近期欧洲一项纳入374名免疫功能抑制危重症患者的多中心随机对照试验(randomised eontrolled trial,RCT)发现NPPV组和对照组(经鼻高流量氧疗)间病死率及气管插管率均无显著差异,但NPPV的疗效受患者选择及多种操作因素的影响,早期应用NPPV仍具有重要临床价值;而NPPV用于辅助气管镜检查及早期拔管时对于查找呼吸衰竭病因及缩短有创通气时间起到了重要作用。因此,NPPV仍可作为临床治疗此类急性呼吸衰竭的一线选择。

The immunocompromised patients complicated with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) who require invasive mechanical ventilation have higher mortality. Early initiation of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) has been shown to improve oxygenation and reduce the incidence of endotracheal intubation. A recent European multi-centered randomised controlled trial (RCT) in 374 immunocompromised critically ill patients reported no significant difference in intubation rate or mortality between NPPV group and the control group (HFNC), although the clinical efficacy of NPPV are affected by patient selection and many other factors. However, early application of NPPV still has important clinical value. NPPV has been applied during bronchoscopic examination and helps in early extubation, thus playing an important role on diagnosis and shortening duration of invasive ventilation. We still recommend NPPV as a first line therapy in such above patients.

表1 免疫抑制患者合并低氧性呼吸衰竭的临床随机对照试验
文献 免疫抑制类型 样本例数 AHRF诊断标准 对照组氧疗方式
Antonelli等12 实体器官移植 40 (1)RR>35次/min;(2)PaO2/FiO2<200;(3)辅助呼吸肌收缩或胸腹矛盾运动 文丘里面罩
Hilbert等13 化疗或骨髓移植后中性粒细胞减少;器官移植;非恶性肿瘤疾病应用糖皮质激素或细胞毒药物;获得性免疫缺陷综合征 52 (1)RR>30次/min;(2)PaO2/FiO2<200;(3)胸片提示肺浸润影;(4)发热T>38.3℃ 文丘里面罩
Squadrone等14 血液系统恶性肿瘤 40 (1)双肺浸润影;(2)SpO2<90%;RR>25次/min;  呼吸系统症状持续<48 h 文丘里面罩
Wermke等15 异体造血干细胞移植 86 (1)RR>25次/min;(2)PaO2/FiO2<300或SpO2<92%  (FiO2 21%) 文丘里面罩
Lemiale等16 血液系统恶性肿瘤;实体肿瘤;实体器官移植;长期大量类固醇;大量应用免疫抑制剂超过30 d 374 (1)PaO2<60 mmHg(吸空气);(2)RR>30次/min或静息条件下  呼吸困难;(3)症状持续小于72 h 经鼻高流量
文献 设备 参数设置 治疗方法 插管率/病死率
Antonelli等12 面罩/无创呼吸机(Puritan Bennett 7200;Servo900C Siemens) Vt 8~10 ml/kg;RR<25 bpm;PEEP 10 cmH2O;FiO2≤60%;辅助呼吸肌收缩消失;尽量保证患者舒适性 D1持续NPPV直至氧合及临床症状改善,随后每日脱机评估15 min,若RR <30次/min,PaO2>75 mmHg(FiO2 50%)可减少NPPV时间 无创组气管插管率更低
Hilbert等13 面罩(La Cigogne,Pessac,France)/无创呼吸机(Evita,Drager,Lubeck,Germany) Vt 7~10 ml/kg;RR<25bpm;PEEP ≤10 cmH2O;FiO2≤65%且SpO2 >90% NPPV至少持续45 min,每3小时休息1次;SpO2<85%,呼吸困难加重,RR>30次/min需持续NPPV;RR<25次/min或氧合指数>200持续24 h可停止NPPV 无创组气管插管率更低
Squadrone等14 头盔 CPAP 10 cmH2O;FiO2 1.0 每日持续至少12 h,持续4 d,每4 d评估1次病情,若文丘里面罩吸氧(FiO2 0.30)6 h后若仍有肺部浸润影或SaO2<95%或RR>25次/min需继续头盔治疗 CPAP组转入ICU接受无创通气或气管插管率更低
Wermke等15 面罩(Air Cushin Mask w/Valve)/无创呼吸机(VS-Integra/Respicare SC) PS 15 cmH2O;PEEP 7 cmH2O;依据患者耐受性和血气分析调节参数 每3 h持续无创通气30 min 100 d病死率比较差异无统计学意义
Lemiale等16 面罩无创通气 Vt 7~10 ml/kg;PEEP 2~10 cmH2O;调节FiO2和PEEP保证SpO2≥92% 每4 h持续无创通气60 min,至少持续2 d 28 d病死率及插管率比较差异无统计学意义
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