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中华重症医学电子杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (02) : 136 -142. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-1537.2024.02.007

专题笔谈

亚甲蓝——脓毒症休克的“魔法锦囊”?
李莉1, 张丽娜1, 钱招昕1,()   
  1. 1. 410008 长沙,中南大学湘雅医院重症医学科 国家老年疾病临床研究中心(湘雅医院)
  • 收稿日期:2023-03-02 出版日期:2024-05-28
  • 通信作者: 钱招昕
  • 基金资助:
    医路“格”新-液体治疗科研基金项目(YLGX-ZZ-2020003)

Methylene blue: “Magic bullet” for refractory septic shock?

Li Li1, Lina Zhang1, Zhaoxin Qian1,()   

  1. 1. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha 410008, China
  • Received:2023-03-02 Published:2024-05-28
  • Corresponding author: Zhaoxin Qian
引用本文:

李莉, 张丽娜, 钱招昕. 亚甲蓝——脓毒症休克的“魔法锦囊”?[J]. 中华重症医学电子杂志, 2024, 10(02): 136-142.

Li Li, Lina Zhang, Zhaoxin Qian. Methylene blue: “Magic bullet” for refractory septic shock?[J]. Chinese Journal of Critical Care & Intensive Care Medicine(Electronic Edition), 2024, 10(02): 136-142.

血管活性药物是脓毒症休克的治疗基石。近年来,联合应用不同升压机制的非儿茶酚胺类药物成为脓毒症休克的研究热点,以期减少大剂量、长时程使用去甲肾上腺素(NE)相关的不良反应。然而,升压素类、血管紧张素(AT)Ⅱ价格昂贵,且大多未在国内上市;糖皮质激素联合代谢疗法由于廉价且易获得,备受瞩目,但研究结论存在争议;最新的多中心研究表明大剂量维生素C与脓毒症休克患者的死亡风险增加有关。不同于上述血管活性药物通过激活升压信号通路发挥作用,亚甲蓝的升压机制是抑制一氧化氮(NO)介导的扩血管作用。在小样本临床研究中,亚甲蓝作为顽固性休克患者的“魔法锦囊”,可以显著升高血压,甚至逆转患者的临床结局。亚甲蓝费用低廉,各基层医院均可获得,具有良好的应用前景。本文概述非儿茶酚胺类升压药物在脓毒症休克中的应用现状,并着重介绍亚甲蓝升压的作用机制、循证证据及前景展望,以期促进升压药物,尤其是亚甲蓝的合理使用。

The optimal start-up timing and reasonable combination of vasoactive drugs has recently been hot spots in the research field of septic shock. The latest Surviving Sepsis Campaign strongly recommend norepinephrine (NE) as first-line agent over other vasopressors. However, NE-related side effects such as immunosuppression and arrhythmia have gotten more and more attentions. High dose of NE has been demonstrated to be independent risk factors associated with mortality of septic shock. Many multicenter, randomized controlled studies have shown that the combination of non-catecholamine vasopressors significantly spared the usage of NE, enhanced blood pressure, and might improve survival outcome. Methylene blue (MB), which has unique mechanism to raise pressure, has often been used as “magic bullet” for refractory vasoplegia shock. But the effectiveness of MB was confined to small sample studies and case reports. MB has promising clinical value due to its low-cost and easy-access even in grassroots hospitals. This review summarizes the combination regimen of non-catecholamines vasopressors in septic shock, and the mechanism, status and prospect of MB, in order to promote agreements on indication, timing, dose and duration of MB administration.

图1 不同升压药物的作用机制示意图。儿茶酚胺类、血管升压素类和ATⅡ分别与血管平滑肌细胞膜表面的α受体、Ⅴ1α受体和AT-1受体结合,通过第二信使增加胞浆内钙离子浓度(细胞膜上钙离子通道开放以及肌质网释放储存的钙离子),进而活化肌球蛋白,使血管平滑肌细胞收缩,升高血压。而亚甲蓝抑制sGC和iNOS的活性,降低cGMP和NO的表达,从而抑制cGMP介导的血管平滑肌松弛 注:AT为血管紧张素;sGC为可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶;iNOS为诱导型一氧化氮合酶;cGMP为环磷酸鸟苷;NO为一氧化氮
表1 亚甲蓝治疗脓毒症休克的临床研究概况
纳入研究作者,发表年份 纳入文献的研究例数 纳入标准 亚甲蓝使用方法 ICU住院病死率(%) 主要观察终点 次要观察终点 不良反应
观察性研究
Preiser等38,1995 14 脓毒症休克,充分液体复苏后泵入2种以上升压药物 2 mg/kg推注;6例90 min后再次推注2 mg/kg 78.6 90 min后MAP、外周血管阻力、左室做功显著增加 肺动脉压、肺毛细血管楔压、心率、CI、氧供、氧耗无明显改变。90 min后乳酸明显下降 皮肤、尿液变蓝
Daemen-Gubbles等39,1995 9 脓毒症休克,充分液体复苏后泵入2种以上升压药物 2 mg/kg推注 88.9 30 min后MAP和CI明显增加,2 h后恢复至基线水平 氧供、氧摄取、动脉顺应性明显增加;外周血管阻力有增加趋势 乳酸、环磷酸鸟苷、高铁血红蛋白无明显改变
Gachot等40,1995 6 严重脓毒症休克,NE 0.07 μg/(kg·min),Epi 0.03 μg/(kg·min) 3 mg/kg推注 83.3 MAP和外周血管阻力、肺动脉压和肺毛细血管楔压明显增加;2~3 h后恢复至基线水平 CI、氧供、心率、右房压、乳酸没有改变 氧合指数显著下降
Andresen等41,1998 10 脓毒症休克,同时应用2种以上升压药物[NE>0.2 μg/(kg·min),Epi>0.1 μg/(kg·min),Dopa>5 μg/(kg•min)] 1 mg/kg推注 80.0 MAP、外周血管阻力、肺动脉压明显增加 心率、毛细血管楔压、CI、肺血管阻力、氧供、氧耗不变;氧合指数未改变;乳酸下降,但差异无统计学意义 /
Weingartner等42,1999 10 顽固性脓毒症休克 4 mg/kg推注 90.0 MAP和外周血管阻力明显增加;40、60 min时左室做功指数明显增加 60 min混合静脉血氧饱和度下降,乳酸显著下降;心率、肺毛细血管楔压、CI、氧供、氧耗未改变 20 min肺血管阻力增加;40 min氧合指数下降
Donati等43,2002 15 脓毒症休克,充分液体复苏后NE或Dopa>1.5~3 μg/(kg·min)泵入 3 mg/kg推注 60.0 MAP显著增加,2 h后恢复至基线水平 肺动脉压显著增加,CI和肺动脉楔压不变,左室做功指数增加 血浆渗透压轻微增加
Park等44,2005 20 脓毒症休克,充分液体复苏后NE>0.1 μg/(kg·min)或Dopa>20 μg/(kg·min)泵入 1 mg/kg推注 65.0 MAP、外周血管阻力、肺动脉压明显增加 心率、毛细血管楔压、CI、肺血管阻力、氧供、氧耗不变 NO、IL-1、IL-10、TNF-α水平无改变
随机对照研究
Kirov等45,2001 亚甲蓝vs 0.9%NaCl溶液:10 vs 10 顽固性脓毒症休克 2 mg/kg推注,2 h后0.25、0.5、1、2 mg/kg各维持1 h 50.0 vs 70.0* 实验组MAP增加,NE、Epi和Dopa的需求分别下降87%、81%和40% 实验组氧供未变,对照组氧供下降;器官功能改变无组间差异;实验组体温、NO代谢物下降 尿液蓝色2~4 d,皮肤蓝色1~3 d
Memis等46,2002 亚甲蓝vs 0.9%NaCl溶液:15 vs 15 脓毒症1.0定义和至少一个器官功能损害表现 0.5 mg/(kg•h)维持6 h 26.6 vs 26.6 用药后即刻MAP增加,24 h和48 h无差别 细胞因子水平无差异 尿液蓝色;高铁血红蛋白血症24 h后缓解
Juffermans等47,2010 不同剂量亚甲蓝,4 vs 6 vs 5 脓毒症休克 1 mg/kg vs 3 mg/kg vs 7 mg/kg推注 75.0 vs 50.0 vs 60.0* MAP、外周血管阻力、肺动脉压、肺毛细血管楔压、中心静脉压、心率、CI、左室做功指数一过性增加 MAP、肺动脉压、肺毛细血管楔压、CI、左室做功指数的增加呈剂量相关性。肺血管阻力指数未改变 7 mg/kg组动脉氧分压明显下降;胃-动脉二氧化碳分压差明显增加,且呈剂量相关性
熊响清等48,2010 亚甲蓝vs NE:20 vs 20 脓毒症休克患者急诊术中 亚甲蓝 vs NE:0.5~1.0 mg/(kg·h)vs 0.5~2 μg/(kg·min) / 亚甲蓝组30、60、90 min时MAP显著高于NE组 亚甲蓝组各时间段氧供、氧耗高于NE组,乳酸低于NE组 /
陆雅萍等49,2019 亚甲蓝单次vs维持泵入vs 0.9%NaCl溶液:18 vs 18 vs 18 脓毒症休克,MAP<65 mmHg且血乳酸>2 mmol/L 2 mg/kg单次推注 vs 2 mg/kg推注后,2 mg/kg维持24 h泵入 vs 等量0.9% NaCl溶液 16.7 vs 11.2 vs 27.8* 两实验组用药24 h后NE用量明显降低,NE总量减少 持续用药组第1~5 d灌注指数优于单次用药及对照组,氧合指数无组间差异 /
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