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中华重症医学电子杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (02) : 157 -163. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-1537.2024.02.010

临床研究

脑出血术后AKI发生的危险因素分析及预测模型建立
肖增丽1, 杜安琪1, 孙瑶1, 赵慧颖1, 安友仲1,()   
  1. 1. 100044 北京,北京大学人民医院重症医学科
  • 收稿日期:2023-03-10 出版日期:2024-05-28
  • 通信作者: 安友仲

Risk factors analysis and nomogram establishment for patients developing AKI after intracerebral hemorrhage surgery

Zengli Xiao1, Anqi Du1, Yao Sun1, Huiying Zhao1, Youzhong An1,()   

  1. 1. Department of Intensive Care Unit, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
  • Received:2023-03-10 Published:2024-05-28
  • Corresponding author: Youzhong An
引用本文:

肖增丽, 杜安琪, 孙瑶, 赵慧颖, 安友仲. 脑出血术后AKI发生的危险因素分析及预测模型建立[J]. 中华重症医学电子杂志, 2024, 10(02): 157-163.

Zengli Xiao, Anqi Du, Yao Sun, Huiying Zhao, Youzhong An. Risk factors analysis and nomogram establishment for patients developing AKI after intracerebral hemorrhage surgery[J]. Chinese Journal of Critical Care & Intensive Care Medicine(Electronic Edition), 2024, 10(02): 157-163.

目的

分析脑出血术后患者发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素并建立预测模型。

方法

回顾性收集2014年10月至2021年10月间北京大学人民医院ICU收治的因脑出血行外科手术的207例患者的临床资料,根据术后是否发生AKI将患者分为AKI组(35例)和非AKI组(172例)。分析2组患者的基线资料[性别、年龄、身高、体质量、基础疾病、入院途径等],术前状态评估[格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、术前实验室检查、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级等]、术中(出血量、是否输血、低血压时间等)及入ICU后情况[心率(HR),血压,体温,急性生理学和慢性健康状况评价(APACHE Ⅱ)评分,实验室检查,治疗用药等]。通过Lasso-logistic回归分析与脑出血术后发生AKI相关的独立危险因素,构建脑出血术后发生AKI的风险预测模型,并通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)和Hosmer-Lemeshow(H-L)检验判断模型的预测能力。

结果

术前状态评估显示,AKI组GCS评分明显低于非AKI组(Z=4.225,P<0.001),ASA分级>3级的比例明显高于非AKI组(χ2=17.988,P<0.001),差异均有统计学意义。术后情况比较,AKI组患者入ICU时的HR及APACHEⅡ评分明显高于非AKI组,差异均有统计学意义(Z=2.730,P=0.006;Z=4.743,P<0.001);术后治疗用药上,AKI组患者血管活性药物使用比例明显高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.571,P=0.010)。207例患者中,共计27例患者院内死亡,总体病死率为13.04%,其中AKI组病死率明显高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=36.249,P<0.001);AKI组患者的机械通气时间及ICU停留时间均明显高于非AKI组,差异均有统计学意义(Z=3.317,P=0.001;Z=3.271,P=0.001)。Lasso-logistic回归分析结果显示,术前GCS评分(OR=0.89,95%CI:0.80~0.99,P=0.031)、ASA分级>3级(OR=2.87,95%CI:1.12~7.39,P=0.029)、入ICU时HR(OR=1.02,95%CI:1.00~1.04,P=0.016)是脑出血术后发生AKI的独立危险因素,联合此3项指标构建Nomogram风险预测模型。通过验证认为该模型具有较好的区分度和校准度,其ROC的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.795(95%CI:0.727~0.863),H-L检验结果为P=0.376。

结论

术前GCS评分、ASA分级>3级、入ICU时HR是脑出血术后AKI发生的独立危险因素,联合此3项指标构建的Nomogram模型对预测脑出血术后AKI的发生具有一定价值,可以帮助临床医师早期发现高风险患者。

Objective

To identify risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) after intracerebral hemorrhage surgery and establish a predictive model for predicting postoperative AKI in these patients.

Methods

Clinical data of 207 patients admitted to the ICU between October 2014 and October 2021 were retrospectively collected, and patients were divided into AKI (35 cases) and non-AKI (172 cases) based on diagnosis of postoperative AKI. Baseline data of patients in 2 groups (gender, age, height, body quality, basic diseases), preoperative status assessment [Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, preoperative laboratory results, American Association of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification], intraoperative (blood volume loss) and during ICU [heart rate (HR), blood pressure, body temperature, acute physiology and chronic health status evaluation (APACHE Ⅱ) score, laboratory results, treatment and medication] were recorded. Independent risk factors were identified by Lasso-Logistic regression analysis and a nomogram was established. Calibration and predictive analysis were established to evaluate the nomogram. The predictive ability of the model was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) test.

Results

Preoperative evaluation showed that GCS score in the AKI group was significantly lower than the non-AKI group (Z=4.225, P<0.001), and the proportion of patients with ASA grade over 3 was significantly higher than that in non-AKI group (χ2=17.988, P<0.001), which were statistically significant. Postoperative conditions showed that, the HR and APACHEⅡ scores in AKI patients were significantly higher than those in non-AKI patients, and the differences were statistically significant (Z=2.730, P=0.006; Z=4.743, P<0.001); the proportion postoperative vasoactive treatment in AKI patients was significantly higher (χ2=6.571, P=0.010). Among 207 patients, a total of 27 patients died in hospital, and the overall fatality rate was 13.04%, which is significantly higher in AKI group (χ2=36.249, P<0.001);length of mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay were significantly higher (Z=3.317, P=0.001; Z=3.271, P=0.001) in AKI patients. Lasso-Logistic regression analysis indicates preoperative GCS score (OR=0.89, 95%CI: 0.80-0.99, P=0.031), ASA grade (OR=2.87, 95%CI: 1.12-7.39, P=0.029), heart rate (OR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.00-1.04, P=0.016) were identified as independent risk factors. A nomogram was established using these three factors. The nomogram showed a robust prediction, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.795 (95%CI: 0.727-0.863), H-L test was P=0.376.

Conclusion

Preoperative GCS score, ASA grade and heart rate when admitting to ICU are independent risk factors of AKI development after intracerebral hemorrhage surgery. The Nomogram established using these three factors can be a valuable and convenient tool to predict high risk patients for AKI and may improve their prognosis.

表1 脑出血患者术后AKI组与非AKI组临床数据比较
临床数据 总体(207例) 非AKI组(172例) AKI组(35例) 统计值 P
基线资料
性别[例(%)] χ2=0.007 0.935
男性 117(56.5) 97(56.4) 20(57.1)
女性 90(43.5) 75(43.6) 15(42.9)
年龄[岁,MP25P75)] 61(51,69) 62(50,69) 60(53,74) Z=0.548 0.584
身高[m,MP25P75)] 1.67(1.60,1.72) 1.67(1.60,1.72) 1.65(1.60,1.73) Z=0.098 0.922
体质量[kg,MP25P75)] 66.0(60.0,70.2) 66.0(60.0,72.8) 65.0(60.0,71.5) Z=0.348 0.728
BMI[kg/m2MP25P75)] 23.5(21.5,26.0) 23.7(21.5,26.0) 23.4(21.7,25.9) Z=0.042 0.967
合并症[例(%)]
高血压 108(52.2) 87(50.6) 21(60.0) χ2=1.034 0.309
糖尿病 40(19.3) 32(18.6) 8(22.9) χ2=0.337 0.561
冠心病 27(13.0) 21(12.2) 6(17.1) χ2=0.265 0.607
呼吸系统疾病 15(7.2) 14(8.1) 1(2.9) χ2=0.549 0.459
入院途径[例(%)] χ2=8.052 0.005
急诊入院 121(58.5) 93(54.1) 28(80.0)
门诊入院 86(41.5) 79(45.9) 7(20.0)
术前状态评估
入院GCS评分[分,MP25P75)] 13(6,15) 13(7,15) 7(5,10) Z=4.225 <0.001
术前Cr[μmol/L,MP25P75)] 62(49,73) 62(49,72) 59(46,79) Z=0.003 0.997
术前UN[mmol/L,MP25P75)] 4.8(3.8,6.1) 4.8(3.9,6.1) 4.9(3.8,6.0) Z=0.230 0.818
术前eGFR[ml/(min•1.73 m2),MP25P75)] 99.0(90.3,107.6) 99.0(90.1,107.9) 98.5(91.0,105.7) Z=0.485 0.862
ASA分级>3级[例(%)] 87(42.0) 61(35.5) 26(74.3) χ2=17.988 <0.001
术中情况
出血量[ml,MP25P75)] 200(50,500) 200(73,463) 200(50,500) Z=0.205 0.837
输血[例(%)] 62(30.0) 48(27.9) 14(40.0) χ2=2.027 0.155
低血压时间[min,MP25P75)] 12(0,28) 12(0,28) 15(5,26) Z=0.745 0.456
入ICU后情况
入ICU时HR[次/min,MP25P75)] 83(70,96) 81(68,95) 95(77,102) Z=2.730 0.006
入ICU时MAP[mmHg,] 94.67±17.77 94.80±16.43 94.03±23.56 t=0.184 0.855
入ICU时体温[℃,MP25P75)] 36.2(36.1,36.8) 36.2(36.1,36.6) 36.2(36.1,37.0) Z=0.938 0.348
APACHEⅡ评分[分,MP25P75)] 17(15,21) 16(14,19) 21(19,26) Z=4.743 <0.001
实验室指标
pH值( 7.42±0.06 7.42±0.06 7.41±0.05 t=0.860 0.391
PCO2[mmHg,MP25P75)] 34.1(29.9,38.0) 34.2(29.9,39.1) 33.8(30.2,36.0) Z=1.260 0.208
氧合指数[MP25P75)] 355.67(245.58,455.67) 364.83(256.63,456.08) 293.67(209.67,438.00) Z=1.460 0.144
钾离子[mmol/L,MP25P75)] 3.9(3.6,4.2) 3.9(3.6,4.2) 3.9(3.7,4.3) Z=1.138 0.255
钠离子[mmol/L,MP25P75)] 138.7(136.6,141.8) 138.7(136.9,142.1) 138.2(135.9,139.7) Z=1.354 0.176
乳酸[mmol/L,MP25P75)] 1.6(0.9,2.5) 1.4(0.9,2.3) 2.2(1.5,2.8) Z=2.849 0.004
白细胞[×109/L,MP25P75)] 10.2(7.8,12.7) 10.1(7.7,12.5) 10.9(9.0,14.7) Z=1.817 0.069
淋巴细胞[×109/L,MP25P75)] 0.7(0.5,1.1) 0.7(0.5,1.1) 0.6(0.4,1.1) Z=0.762 0.446
中性粒细胞[×109/L,MP25P75)] 8.9(6.6,11.1) 8.8(6.5,10.9) 9.7(7.7,12.4) Z=1.881 0.060
红细胞[×1012] 3.55±0.64 3.56±0.61 3.48±0.78 t=0.593 0.556
血红蛋白[g/L,] 109.43±19.50 109.96±18.79 106.83±22.80 t=0.867 0.387
血小板[×109/L,] 169.36±65.65 173.96±65.31 146.74±63.46 t=2.258 0.025
总蛋白[g/L,MP25P75)] 55.6(48.4,59.5) 55.0(48.6,58.9) 57.3(47.5,63.9) Z=1.001 0.317
白蛋白[g/L,MP25P75)] 33.4(28.8,36.6) 33.4(29.1,36.5) 34.5(28.4,37.5) Z=0.587 0.557
血糖[mmol/L,MP25P75)] 7.8(6.6,9.4) 7.6(6.4,9.1) 8.9(7.3,11.0) Z=2.621 0.009
总胆红素[μmol/L,MP25P75)] 11.5(9.1,15.6) 11.4(9.1,15.0) 12.9(9.8,17.7) Z=1.156 0.248
直接胆红素[μmol/L,MP25P75)] 4.4(3.3,6.2) 4.4(3.3,6.0) 4.5(3.3,7.6) Z=0.545 0.586
二氧化碳结合力[mmol/L,MP25P75)] 22.5(20.6,24.3) 22.8(20.9,24.6) 21.8(19.9,23.2) Z=2.430 0.015
24 h尿量[ml,MP25P75)] 2640(2100,3345) 2645(2160,3380) 2110(1930,3020) Z=0.825 0.051
24 h液体平衡[ml,MP25P75)] 360(-10,890) 360(0,858) 300(228,1275) Z=0.717 0.473
治疗用药[例(%)]
血管活性药物 39(18.8) 27(15.7) 12(34.3) χ2=6.571 0.010
联合使用抗生素 163(78.7) 137(79.7) 26(74.3) χ2=1.345 0.370
激素 146(70.5) 120(69.8) 26(74.3) χ2=0.286 0.593
利尿剂 40(19.3) 30(17.4) 10(28.6) χ2=2.311 0.128
甘露醇 133(64.3) 113(65.7) 20(57.1) χ2=0.927 0.336
表2 脑出血患者术后AKI组与非AKI组临床结局比较
表3 脑出血术后发生AKI的多因素logistic回归分析
图1 脑出血术后发生AKI的Nomogram预测模型 注:AKI为急性肾损伤;GCS为格拉斯哥昏迷评分;ASA为美国麻醉师协会;HR为心率
图2 脑出血术后发生AKI的Nomogram预测模型的ROC曲线 注:AKI为急性肾损伤;ROC为受试者工作特征曲线
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