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Advances and prospects of respiratory support technologies in 2024

  • Jinlong Wang 1 ,
  • Min Shao , 1,
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  • 1.Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China

Received date: 2025-01-21

  Online published: 2025-02-17

Copyright

Copyright by Chinese Medical Association No content published by the journals of Chinese Medical Association may be reproduced or abridged without authorization. Please do not use or copy the layout and design of the journals without permission. All articles published represent the opinions of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy of the Chinese Medical Association or the Editorial Board, unless this is clearly specified.

Abstract

Respiratory support technology is a key component of the critical care life support system. In recent years, with a deeper understanding of respiratory pathophysiology and advancements in technology, the development of respiratory support technologies has focused on"providing adequate gas exchange while minimizing ventilator-associated lung injury". A review of 2024 highlights significant progress in areas such as optimizing non-invasive ventilation comfort,early warning of non-invasive ventilation failure, respiratory drive monitoring, prevention of ventilator-associated lung injury, positive end-expiratory pressure titration, awake prone positioning,and extracorporeal respiratory support technologies. In the future, with the development of artificial intelligence, AI-guided personalized respiratory support may become an important direction for further development.

Cite this article

Jinlong Wang , Min Shao . Advances and prospects of respiratory support technologies in 2024[J]. Chinese Journal of Critical Care & Intensive Care Medicine(Electronic Edition), 2025 : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-1537.2025.02.14.0003

呼吸支持技术是重症患者器官功能支持体系的重要组成部分。近年来,呼吸支持技术以“在提供适度气体交换基础上,降低呼吸支持相关肺损伤”为核心发展方向,在无创呼吸支持、有创机械通气(invasive mechanical ventilation,IMV)、俯卧位通气以及体外呼吸支持等领域取得稳步发展。未来,人工智能的发展可能为个体化呼吸支持提供关键技术支撑。本文将对近年来,尤其是2024年的呼吸支持技术进展进行综述,为未来呼吸支持技术的发展提供方向,以期加深临床医师对呼吸支持技术的理解,推动技术在临床中的规范化应用。

一、无创呼吸支持技术

(一)高流量氧疗

1. 高流量氧疗的生理效应:高流量氧疗是通过鼻导管提供高流量、加湿和加温氧气的呼吸支持技术[1]。其核心生理效应如下:(1)呼气末正压(positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP):高流量氧疗能提供流量依赖的PEEP效应,在闭口呼吸时,其PEEP可达7 cmH2O[2](1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa);(2)减少无效腔通气:高流量氧疗能够“冲刷”上呼吸道的残余呼吸末气体,从而减少无效腔通气;(3)提高氧疗舒适性:高流量氧疗通过加温和湿化吸入气体,改善患者舒适性[1]。基于上述优势,高流量氧疗已成为重症患者的重要呼吸支持技术。
2. 高流量氧疗在ICU应用中的循证医学证据:近年来的临床研究已证实高流量氧疗在ICU中的应用优势。FLORALI研究对高流量氧疗的应用具有里程碑式意义,研究发现相较于无创机械通气(non-invasive ventilation,NIV)和常规氧疗患者,高流量氧疗能显著降低ICU急性呼吸衰竭患者的ICU病死率和90 d病死率[3]。随后,HIGH试验评估了高流量氧疗在ICU免疫功能低下人群中的应用价值,发现高流量氧疗与常规氧疗在28 d、90 d病死率以及气管插管率上无显著差异[4]。尽管高流量氧疗未降低免疫功能低下人群的插管率及病死率,但仍是可行的呼吸支持技术。而在IMV撤机拔管患者中,高流量氧疗已被证实比常规氧疗能够更好地预防拔管后呼吸衰竭[5]。此外,近期发表的RENOVATE研究证实,对于急诊患者,高流量氧疗在降低插管和病死率方面非劣效于无创通气[6]。基于以上循证医学证据,临床指南推荐将高流量氧疗作为急性低氧性呼吸衰竭的首选呼吸支持方式[7]
3. 高流量氧疗失败的早期预警:及时识别高流量氧疗失败的早期征象,并升级为IMV,是避免高流量氧疗失败引发患者预后恶化的关键。尽管高流量氧疗具有生存获益,但不恰当地使用可能导致插管延迟,加重过度自主呼吸诱导的肺损伤,从而使患者预后恶化[1]。相较于呼吸频率(respiratory rate,RR)、潮气量(tidal volume,Vt)、ROX指数等指标,VOX指数[脉搏血氧饱和度/吸入氧浓度(pulse oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen,SpO2/FiO2)与Vt之比]在预测急性呼吸衰竭患者高流量氧疗失败中具有优势,其意义在于其能够在早期准确地反映过度自主呼吸驱动。Chen等[8]的研究显示VOX指数降低与高流量氧疗失败独立相关,且高流量氧疗后2 h[受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curves,ROC)的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC),AUCROC=0.88)和6 h(AUCROC=0.93)的VOX指数对预测高流量氧疗失败具有较高价值。此外,VOX指数的临床监测便捷,易于推广应用。但目前关于VOX指数的研究样本量较小,未来需大样本的前瞻性临床试验进一步验证其应用的价值。
4. 高流量氧疗的未来方向:未来高流量氧疗的临床研究应聚焦以下关键方向。(1)明确可能从高流量氧疗中获益的患者群体,如充血性心力衰竭、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)和感染性休克;(2)明确高流量氧疗失败的早期征象,以避免插管延误所致的不良预后;(3)明确高流量氧疗的最佳流速和FiO2,避免过度氧疗所致的不良作用。

(二)无创正压通气

1. 无创正压通气的优势:NIV作为ICU常见的呼吸支持技术,能增加肺泡通气量,改善气体交换,并减少呼吸做功[9]。目前,NIV已被证实能改善COPD、肥胖性通气不足引起的高碳酸血症以及心源性肺水肿患者的临床结局[10]。NIV亦能降低术后低氧血症患者和IMV高危再插管患者的再插管率[11-12]。但NIV成功与否与多个因素相关,如良好的患者选择、人机协调性、医护人员知识储备以及密切的患者监测[13]。因此,选择合适的患者进行NIV,优化呼吸机参数以提高人机协调性,并进行严密的监测是NIV的关键。
2. 无创正压通气的争议点:NIV在急性低氧性呼吸衰竭中的应用具有前景,但仍存争议。研究显示,在COVID-19所致急性呼吸衰竭患者中,与传统氧疗相比,NIV可显著降低患者插管和死亡风险[14],提示经NIV避免气管插管的患者,其临床结局良好;然而,对于NIV支持失败后需行气管插管的患者,其死亡风险增高[15],提示NIV亦可能导致延迟插管,进而加重肺损伤。因此,对于急性低氧性呼吸衰竭行NIV支持的患者,及时识别NIV失败的征象,避免延迟插管是应用NIV的关键。
3. 头盔型无创正压通气:头盔型NIV在急性呼吸衰竭中具有广泛的应用前景。相较于面罩通气,头盔型NIV的优势如下。(1)改善患者耐受性;(2)减少空气泄漏;(3)适用于不同面部轮廓。Patel等[16]的单中心研究显示与面罩型NIV相比,头盔型NIV能降低急性呼吸衰竭患者的气管插管率及病死率。随后,Arabi等[17]的多中心研究亦发现相较于高流量氧疗,头盔型NIV能降低COVID-19所致急性呼吸衰竭患者的气管插管率。近期,Pitre等[18]发表的meta分析纳入36项临床研究的7046例急性呼吸衰竭患者,发现头盔型NIV能降低患者病死率、气管插管率以及ICU住院时间。基于以上优势及循证医学证据,头盔型NIV的临床应用逐渐广泛,可作为面罩通气不耐受患者的有效替代方案。

二、有创呼吸支持技术

(一)IMV

IMV是ICU最常见的呼吸支持技术,其目标是在维持患者适度气体交换基础上,降低呼吸机相关性肺损伤(ventilator induced lung injury,VILI)。近20年来,IMV的重点研究方向围绕着如何有效降低VILI[19]。目前观点认为,以小Vt通气(6 ml/kg理想体重)和限制平台压<30 cmH2O为核心的肺保护性通气策略可降低急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患者病死率[20-21],应广泛应用于确诊和疑诊的ARDS患者中。

(二)VILI的触发因素

1. 驱动压(driving pressure,DP):DP是驱动呼吸系统扩张的直接动力,能够间接反映肺应力和应变,是VILI的重要触发因素。自Amato等[22]的研究发现DP(无自主呼吸时:平台压-PEEP)>15 cmH2O与ARDS患者VILI以及病死率增加密切相关。随后,随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)和回顾性分析亦提示高DP与ARDS患者不良预后显著相关[23]。近期,Goligher等[24]对ARDSnet数据进行的二次分析发现小Vt对病死率的影响存在差异,其差异取决于肺顺应性,当顺应性较高时,小Vt通气未降低ARDS患者病死率。提示不同ARDS患者的呼吸系统顺应性(respiratory system compliance,Crs)和可通气肺容积存在差异,6 ml/kg理想体重的小Vt通气并不适用于所有ARDS患者。而DP由Vt和呼吸系统顺应性共同决定,因此,限制DP<15 cmH2O可能是比标准小Vt通气更具优势的肺保护性通气策略,但仍需未来的研究进一步验证。
2. 机械功:机械功是单位时间内机械通气施加到呼吸系统的能量,最初由Gattinoni教授团队等[25-26]提出,整合了吸气流速、Vt、PEEP、RR等因素的作用,并作为VILI触发因素的统一参数。既往研究表明机械功与VILI的相关性比单一因素均更为密切,当机械功>12 J/min时,无论如何设置呼吸机参数,均会诱发VILI[27]。针对8207例ICU机械通气患者的回顾性分析亦支持上述结果,发现机械功>17 J/min与患者住院病死率增加独立相关[28]。然而,不同患者的可通气肺容积和Crs存在差异,导致不同患者的机械功安全阈值亦存在差异。Zhang等[29]的研究发现机械功与ARDS患者的病死率无相关性,而使用理想体重或Crs对机械功进行标准化后,则与ARDS患者死亡风险独立相关。因此,限制机械通气患者的机械功是预防VILI的重要方向,但其个体化的安全阈值仍需进一步的研究确认。
3. 自主呼吸驱动:自主呼吸驱动是呼吸中枢发放的神经电活动,通过刺激脊髓中的呼吸运动神经元调整自主呼吸强度。呼吸驱动过强可导致胸腔内压急剧降低,跨肺压增高,引起肺损伤和膈肌损伤[30-31],因此,对机械通气患者,尤其是ARDS患者,监测呼吸驱动显得尤为重要。目前,呼吸驱动无法直接测量,但可通过呼吸力学参数间接反映。RR和吸入Vt是床旁反映呼吸驱动的简易指标,但易受患者呼吸力学特征、肌肉功能、呼吸机参数设置以及镇痛、镇静药物的影响[32]
气道闭合压(P0.1)是气道闭合时,吸气前0.1 s内的气道压力下降,能够反映胸腔内压的变化,从而间接评估呼吸驱动。其优势如下:(1)首先,P0.1不受患者呼吸力学特征的影响[33];(2)其次,P0.1对识别呼吸窘迫患者的过度自主吸气努力尤为敏感,且特异性高[34];(3)再次,在轻至中度呼吸肌无力时,P0.1仍能有效反映呼吸驱动[35];(4)最后,P0.1监测便捷,目前大部分呼吸机可直接测量P0.1。目前认为,P0.1的安全范围为1.0~4.0 cmH2O[33,36]。对于P0.1增高的患者,优化机械通气参数设置,适度镇痛、镇静有助于降低患者呼吸驱动,降低过度自主呼吸所致的肺损伤风险。

(三)PEEP滴定

机械通气患者,尤其是ARDS患者的最佳PEEP滴定方法尚不明确。PEEP具有“双刃剑”效应,其一能够促进塌陷肺泡的复张,从而改善气体交换;其二亦能引起正常肺泡的过度膨胀,加重肺损伤。目前的研究表明,相较于经验性ARDSnet的PEEP滴定,呼气末跨肺压法和最佳顺应性法指导的PEEP滴定未降低ARDS患者的病死率及机械通气时间[37]。电阻抗断层成像(electrical impedance tomography,EIT)指导的ARDS患者PEEP滴定可能具有一定优势。近期,Mauri等[38]的研究通过随机交叉试验发现EIT联合呼气末跨肺压法指导的个体化PEEP设置能降低压力支持通气下ARDS患者的肺应力和呼吸做功。Yuan等[39]新近发表的研究亦发现EIT指导的PEEP滴定能改善中重度ARDS患者的V/Q比和Crs,但对患者预后的改善作用仍需进一步探究。因此,ARDS患者最佳PEEP的滴定方法仍是有创呼吸支持技术的重要研究方向。

(四)右心功能保护性通气

降低IMV对右心功能的不良影响是肺保护性通气的重要部分。研究表明超过20%的ARDS患者存在右心室功能障碍,且与患者病死率增加相关[40]。因此,实施右心功能保护性通气显得尤为重要。小Vt通气、低DP和低PEEP的肺保护性通气能降低肺血管阻力,减轻右心室后负荷从而保护右心功能[41]。此外,吸呼比和压力上升时间是影响右心功能的重要参数。吸呼比过高会导致内源性PEEP,增加肺血管阻力;压力上升时间与患者自主吸气需求相匹配有助于实现人机同步,从而降低右心后负荷,发挥对右心功能的保护作用。

(五)神经调节辅助通气

神经调节辅助通气(neurally adjusted ventilatory assist,NAVA)是一种将膈肌电活动强度转换为机械通气压力支持水平的通气模式,在改善人机协调性方面具有显著优势[42]。人机不协调是导致机械通气患者呼吸做功增加、膈肌功能障碍和VILI的重要因素[43]。目前的证据显示,相较于PSV模式,NAVA通气能显著改善人机同步性[42,44]。但膈肌电活动监测的稳定性仍有赖于技术的进一步发展,为NAVA通气的临床应用提供技术支撑;此外,尚缺乏高质量的RCT证实NAVA通气对患者预后的改善作用,仍需未来的研究进一步探究。

三、俯卧位通气

俯卧位通气应用于ARDS治疗已有50余年历史[45]。其核心生理效应是促进ARDS患者重力依赖区的肺复张,增加肺顺应性,改善气体分布及V/Q比[46-48]。PROSEVA研究对俯卧位通气的临床应用具有里程碑式意义,研究发现对于中重度ARDS[氧合指数(arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen,PaO2/FiO2)<150 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa]患者,俯卧位能显著降低28 d和90 d病死率[49]。近期发表的网状meta分析亦支持上述结论,结果显示对PaO2/FiO2<80 mmHg的重度ARDS患者,俯卧位通气能显著降低患者病死率[50]。目前,俯卧位已成为中重度ARDS的标准治疗方法。
清醒俯卧位是COVID-19大流行期间提出的新理念,鼓励对非插管COVID-19患者进行俯卧位治疗。研究表明,清醒俯卧位能降低COVID-19所致急性呼吸衰竭患者的气管插管率[51-52]。目前,欧洲ARDS治疗指南已将清醒俯卧位作为ARDS的标准治疗,以降低气管插管风险[23]。在实施清醒俯卧位时,俯卧位时间可能是决定其效果的关键因素[47,52-53]。近期,Liu等[54]通过多中心随机对照研究发现,与短程清醒俯卧位通气相比,每日清醒俯卧位时间>12 h并持续7 d能有效降低COVID-19相关急性呼吸衰竭患者的气管插管率和28 d病死率,且患者对长程清醒俯卧位的耐受性良好,2组患者的不良事件发生率亦无显著差异。基于此,推荐对非插管急性呼吸衰竭患者实施清醒俯卧位,且每日俯卧位时间应>12 h。但在实施清醒俯卧位期间应严密监测,以避免延迟插管所致不良效应。

四、体外呼吸支持技术

体外呼吸支持技术应用于ARDS已有30余年。其核心作用是在维持严重ARDS患者气体交换的同时,降低VILI[55-56]。由于严重ARDS患者的可通气肺容积显著减少,小Vt通气可能仍会导致VILI[57]。<6 ml/kg理想体重的通气策略则可能导致高碳酸血症,进而引起右心功能障碍、颅内压增高以及免疫功能受损等不良作用[58]。此外,通过增加RR降低高碳酸血症的策略亦可能造成肺损伤。Costa等[59]发现RR增加4次/min与DP增加1 cmH2O所导致的病死率增加一致。体外呼吸支持技术在严重ARDS患者中的应用具有显著优势,在改善气体交换的同时,允许呼吸机设置极低的Vt和RR,从而发挥肺保护作用。

(一)静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合

静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,VV-ECMO)是目前临床应用最为广泛的体外呼吸支持技术。目前,临床研究已初步证实其改善重度ARDS患者病死率的作用。EOLIA研究是迄今最重要的一项观察VV-ECMO对重度ARDS患者病死率影响的RCT,结果发现对于重度ARDS患者,相较于常规治疗,VV-ECMO未显著降低患者60 d病死率(ECMO组 vs 对照组:35% vs 46%,P=0.09)。尽管未发现统计学差异,但研究仍观察到ECMO能降低重度ARDS患者9%的60 d病死率[60]。随后发表的meta分析发现ECMO能降低重度ARDS患者30 d和60 d病死率[61]。近期,Sud等[50]的网状meta分析进一步支持以上结论,研究发现对于PaO2/FiO2<80 mmHg的ARDS患者,ECMO能显著降低患者病死率。基于此,对于重度ARDS经肺保护性通气及俯卧位治疗仍无法提供足够气体交换并存在VILI的高风险患者,推荐使用VV-ECMO治疗[23]
筛选患者是VV-ECMO治疗成功的前提。尽管循证医学证据观察到VV-ECMO在治疗重度ARDS上的生存获益,但VV-ECMO常伴随众多并发症,如出血、感染、管道移位等。此外,VV-ECMO亦需高昂的治疗费用和大量的医疗资源,因此,筛选患者显得尤为重要。目前,众多研究探索了可能从VV-ECMO治疗中获益的人群,已发现高龄、COVID-19感染是接受VV-ECMO治疗死亡的独立影响因素[62]。为进一步帮助患者选择,亦有研究者开发了预测接受VV-ECMO治疗的ARDS患者死亡风险模型,如PRESERVE评分[63]和RESP评分[64]。然而,上述评分系统预测VV-ECMO预后的准确性尚不足以应用于临床。未来的研究需在进一步理解VV-ECMO患者死亡危险因素的基础上,开发更加精确的预测模型以指导ECMO的临床应用。
接受VV-ECMO治疗存活患者的远期预后及生存质量亦值得关注。Turgeon等[65]的研究系统回顾了1项RCT研究和31项观察性研究,发现重度ARDS接受ECMO治疗的存活患者长期伴随多方面的功能障碍,包括认知功能障碍、心理健康问题、生理功能受损以及生活质量评分下降。早期识别可能影响ECMO患者远期预后的因素并及时干预可能对改善存活患者的远期生存质量有益。

(二)体外二氧化碳清除

体外二氧化碳清除(extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal,ECCO2R)是极具临床应用前景的体外呼吸支持技术。ECCO2R技术类似于VV-ECMO,通过体外膜肺进行气体交换,以清除机体CO2为目的。由于CO2的弥散能力是氧的25倍,ECCO2R对血流量要求明显低于VV-ECMO,血液滤过的血管通路即可满足ECCO2R的技术需求[66]。基于此,ECCO2R因其创伤小和CO2清除作用,在中重度ARDS患者的肺保护性通气及COPD治疗中具有广阔的应用前景,但仍存争议。目前认为,ECCO2R是ARDS超级肺保护性通气出现高碳酸血症时的补充支持手段,但其疗效仍需进一步研究。
研究者已对ECCO2R在中重度ARDS和慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)患者中的应用进行初步探索。McNamee等[67]的研究观察了ECCO2R联合肺保护性通气对PaO2/FiO2≤150 mmHg非心源性肺水肿患者90 d病死率的影响,结果发现ECCO2R组的90 d病死率无下降,且不良事件发生率增加。近期发表的VENT-AVOID研究观察了ECCO2R对AECOPD患者IMV时间的影响,发现ECCO2R未能降低患者的IMV时间,甚至增加NIV失败患者的病死率[68]。临床试验的阴性结果可能与如下因素相关。(1)技术因素:ECCO2R对CO2清除效率低提示技术进步是ECCO2R广泛应用的前提[67];(2)患者选择:在VENT-AVOID研究中患者的pH中位数为7.35,提示机体无明显呼吸性酸中毒,ECCO2R对该类患者治疗效果受限[69-70]。总之,ECCO2R仍是高碳酸血症患者极具前景的体外呼吸支持手段,未来ECCO2R的临床应用需建立在对病理生理认识的进一步加深和技术改进的基础上,明确能够从ECCO2R中获益的患者群体。

五、呼吸支持技术的未来方向

随着呼吸支持技术的进步和人工智能的广泛应用,未来呼吸支持技术将以提升患者舒适性、优化无创呼吸支持失败的早期风险预警、依据患者呼吸生理特征实施精准呼吸支持以及降低呼吸支持相关肺损伤为主要研究方向。

(一)基于ARDS表型的呼吸支持

ARDS具有高度异质性,不同ARDS表型在疾病病因、临床表现、治疗反应性以及预后方面均存在差异。随着大数据技术发展,对ARDS进行精准分型,并明确呼吸支持策略在何种分型中发挥有益治疗效果是未来的重要研究方向。Choudhary等[71]的研究将脓毒症相关急性呼吸衰竭分为四型:多器官功能障碍型、重度低氧型、轻度低氧型以及严重肝损伤型,结果显示不同亚型患者的预后具有显著差异。此外,高PEEP对不同亚型患者的治疗效果亦存在差异,提示基于ARDS表型的呼吸支持策略是未来重要研究方向。

(二)人工智能与呼吸支持技术

随着人工智能技术兴起,人工智能在重症患者呼吸支持领域的应用逐渐广泛,主要涉及无创通气失败、VILI,以及撤机拔管成功的预测、ARDS分型、人机不同步的识别和呼吸机参数的个体化设置等方面[72-73]
人工智能指导的个体化呼吸机参数设置具有广泛的应用前景。在动态监测患者疾病特征、呼吸力学参数基础上,人工智能指导的个体化动态呼吸机参数设置可能在预防肺损伤方面存在优势。VentAI是近期开发的旨在动态优化机械通气方案的人工智能工具,相较于医务工作者,VentAI会更频繁地调整呼吸机参数,提示其不断评估通气策略,优化个体化呼吸机设置的潜力[74]。Liu等[75]近期发表的研究发现人工智能指导的个体化呼吸机参数设置能降低ICU机械通气患者的病死率。以上研究均提示人工智能在指导个体化机械通气策略方面具有广泛的应用前景。
人工智能在人机不同步的识别上亦具优势。Sottile等[76]应用多种机器学习算法,分析62例机械通气患者呼吸波形数据,发现机器学习工具能高敏感和特异地识别人机不同步的存在。Gholami等[77]亦使用机器学习工具自动分析和识别人机不同步,其敏感性和特异性分别高达89%和99%,彰显了人工智能在识别人机不同步方面的巨大潜力。
尽管人工智能在呼吸支持技术中的应用具有巨大潜力,但仍处于初级阶段。由于迄今为止大多数评价人工智能在呼吸支持技术中应用的研究都是单中心和回顾性研究,因此需要通过临床试验进行前瞻性验证,以评估人工智能指导的呼吸支持技术的临床应用价值。此外,患者信息保护、人工智能代码的开方访问以及伦理批准是人工智能工具开发的重要前提条件[72]。总之,人工智能指导的呼吸支持技术具有巨大临床应用前景,未来有望成为降低重症患者病死率的重要手段。

六、总结

综上所述,呼吸支持技术作为重症患者生命支持体系的重要组成部分。随着对呼吸病理生理认识的逐渐加深以及技术进步,呼吸支持技术在过去一年里,继续围绕“在提供适度气体交换的基础上,降低呼吸支持相关肺损伤”这一核心方向取得稳步发展。在优化无创通气患者舒适度、无创通气失败早期预警、呼吸驱动监测、VILI的预防、PEEP滴定、清醒俯卧位、体外呼吸支持技术等领域取得重要进步。未来,随着人工智能技术的发展,人工智能指导的个体化呼吸支持技术可能成为重要发展方向。
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