Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by adysregulated host response to infection, considered as a major global public health problem. Though relevant studies focused on Chinese sepsis epidemiology were not comprehensive, those studies still suggested that compared with high-income countries (HICs), the incidence and mortality of sepsis in China were relatively high, the long-term outcomes were poor and the burden of sepsis was heavy. This review of the current domestic sepsis epidemiology-related studies provides research directions for the adjustment of medical and health resources and future research.

Analgesia and sedation are crucial for critically ill patients. In recent years, a comprehensive strategy featuring prioritized analgesia, light sedation, delirium screening and prevention, early mobility and sleep improvement has been formed. However, a concise and easy-to-operate flow chart still needs to be improved. We have developed a protocolized process for pain and agitation management for critically ill patients to provide a hands-on tool in clinical practice.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of severe maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and treatment are the key to improve the outcome for patients with PPH. Once PPH is highly suspected or diagnosed, the bundle implementation process, including careful assessment the causes of bleeding, evaluation of the severity, treatment for the causes and complications should be performed by a relevant multidisciplinary team immediately. This study has provided early recognition, assessment and treatment advice concerning PPH identification, evaluation and relevant treatment procedures based on the clinical studies, authoritative guidelines, and consensus all over the world with evidence-based medical evidence as reference, so as improve our understanding of PPH and increase relevant treatment success rate.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is increasingly utilized in the intensive care unit (ICU), but there remains a huge variation in clinical application. Unreasonable and irregular applications will not only lead to serious complications and the waste of medical resources, but also threaten the life safety of patients. Therefore, we need to establish the management protocol of CRRT, to strengthen personnel training and establish a professional team of CRRT. We also need to determine the reasonable quality indicators to control and improve the quality of CRRT.

雾化治疗是机械通气时常同步应用的集束化气道管理方法之一。为规范临床机械通气患者雾化治疗行为，中华医学会重症医学分会依据国内外最新的研究进展及专家意见，归纳和构建了10个在机械通气患者雾化治疗临床实践中常见的重要问题，采用GRADE方法制定了本指南。

For critically ill patients, enteral nutrition at early phase can not only provide nutrition but also maintain the function and microecology of intestine. The therapeutic effects of medicines depend on their dosages, and so does nutrition therapy. Ideally, the quantity and quality of enteral nutrition make maximum benefit and minimum damage in critically ill patients, with the ultimate goal of sufficient nutrition therapy and no iatrogenic malnutrition. Intolerance of early enteral nutrition is a common problem, and challenge for critically ill patients. Improper nutrition therapy will have adverse and even harmful effects, which should be well learned by doctors and nurses of intensive care unit. In serious or some special medical situations, regimen of nutrition should be evaluated and adjusted timely to achieve the ideal goal and make maximumbenefit for patients.

As a big challenge of global healthcare, the main problems of sepsis are the delay of diagnosis and non-specificity of treatment. Machine learning is a data analysis and modeling technique that generates knowledge from data,which provides alarms and suggestions by predicting future events to help clinicians get information beyond their experiences and make decisions. Recently, the attention paid to machine learning has been on the rise in the field of sepsis. Some breakthroughs have already been made in the application of clinical diagnosis, precise treatment, prognostic evaluation of sepsis, which is potential to construct a new system for the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis. This paper reviews relevant articles to summarize advances on machine learning in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis in order to show the direction for further researches.

The surviving sepsis campaign (SSC) guidelines has been updated five editions nowadays since it first published in 2004. SSC guidelines promote knowledge about sepsis constantly, which also improve management of sepsis to a certain extent, and become an important basis for guiding diagnosis and therapy in patients with sepsis. However, there are still several obvious defects in early resuscitation of septic shock in the SSC guidelines 2021, and the relevant recommendations may lead to misinterpretation or misuse. Therefore, "eight pitfalls" and relevant clinical evidence in SSC guidelines 2021 are discussed in present commentary.

To investigate efficacy and safety of Ceftazidime-Avibactam (CZA) in the treatment of septic shock patients infected by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP).

Clinical data of 4 patients with septic shock caused by CRKP infection who were treated with CZA was retrospectively analyzed. Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score before and after CZA treatment was collected for clinical efficacy and side effect assessment.

Among these 4 patients, 2 were female and 2 were male, aged 72-79 years. Klebsiella pneumoniae was cultured from alveolar lavage fluid, drainaged bile or blood samples, respectively. All cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae were carbapenem-resistent but sensitive to CZA. After CZA prescription, SOFA score, clinical manifestations and inflammatory biomarkers of these patients were significantly improved and they all discharged home. No side effects related to CZA were reported.

CZA is effective and safe for septic shock patients infected by carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.