切换至 "中华医学电子期刊资源库"

第五届中国出版政府奖音像电子网络出版物奖提名奖

中国科技核心期刊

中国科学引文数据库（CSCD）来源期刊

高级检索
中华重症医学电子杂志

中华重症医学电子杂志 ›› 2016, Vol. 02 ›› Issue (04) : 231 -239. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-1537.2016.04.002

所属专题： 重症医学； 总编推荐； 文献；

述评

全身性感染的流行病学进展
周建芳1, 田洪成2, 杜斌3,†()   
  1. 1. 100050　首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院重症医学科;100730　中国医学科学院北京协和医院内科ICU
    2. 100730　中国医学科学院北京协和医院内科ICU;100068　中国康复研究中心重症医学科
    3. 100730　中国医学科学院北京协和医院内科ICU
  • 收稿日期:2016-10-27 出版日期:2016-11-28
  • 通信作者: 杜斌
  • 基金资助:
    首都特色临床应用研究专项基金(Z131107002213112)

Updates of Epidemiology of Sepsis

Jianfang Zhou1, Hongcheng Tian2, Bin Du3,†()   

  1. 1. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China;Department of Medical ICU, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China:
    2. Department of Medical ICU, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
    3. Department of Medical ICU, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China:
  • Received:2016-10-27 Published:2016-11-28
  • Corresponding author: Bin Du
  • About author:
    Corresponding author: Du Bin, E-mail:
全文 ( ) 下载PDF ( ) 导出引用
引用本文：

周建芳, 田洪成, 杜斌. 全身性感染的流行病学进展[J]. 中华重症医学电子杂志, 2016, 02(04): 231-239.

Jianfang Zhou, Hongcheng Tian, Bin Du. Updates of Epidemiology of Sepsis[J]. Chinese Journal of Critical Care & Intensive Care Medicine(Electronic Edition), 2016, 02(04): 231-239.

全身性感染在感染患者中非常常见，尤其是入住ICU的患者。相关研究表明，全身性感染的发病率呈上升趋势。随着临床医师对发病机制认识的加深与支持治疗手段的不断进步，全身性感染的病死率有所下降，但由于发病率的增加，因全身性感染而死亡的人数仍在逐年增加。对于存活的全身性感染患者，由于健康状况欠佳，社会功能、情感职能下降，其远期的生命质量也常明显下降。全身性感染患者一旦合并器官功能衰竭，常需要入住ICU，消耗大量的医疗资源和医疗费用，给患者家庭及社会造成沉重的疾病及经济负担。本文将对全身性感染的流行病学进展进行回顾，以进一步加深对全身性感染的了解，并为医疗资源的分配提供依据。

关键词: 全身性感染, 严重全身性感染, 感染性休克, 发病率, 病死率, 预后

Sepsis is common in patients with infection, especially in those ones admitted into intensive care unit (ICU). Studies have found that the incidence of sepsis is on the raise. Despite better understanding of the pathogenesis and advances in mordern techonlogy of supporting therapy have led to an improved outcome of individuals suffering from sepsis , the total number of deaths from sespis is increasing. Even survived from the disease, the life quality of the patients may decrease obviously bacause of the decline of physical conditions, social function, role emotional, etc. Many septic patients are hospitalized in ICUs as they complicated with organ dysfunction/failure, which would bring about tremendous consumption of health resources and dramatic disease burdens to their families and our society. We will summarize the incidence and outcome of sepsis for the purpose of further understanding of the disease and providing evidence for health care resource allocation.

Key words: Sepsis, Severe sepsis, Septic shock, Incidence, Mortality, Outcome
表1 住院患者全身性感染的流行病学研究
国家 研究设计 研究地点（数目） 研究时间 筛选病例数 发病率 感染部位 病原菌 病死率
北美地区
美国［1］ 前瞻队列 外科ICU（1） 1992-04 170 全身性感染49.0%；严重全身性感染16.0%；感染性休克7.0% 肺炎19.0%；血行性感染16.0%；泌尿系感染16.0% - 严重全身性感染28 d病死率35.0%
拉丁美洲
巴西［18］ 前瞻队列 综合ICU（5） 2001-05至2001-01 1 383 全身性感染每日61.4/1 000人；严重全身性感染每日35.6/1 000人；感染性休克每日30.0/1 000人 肺炎65.6%；泌尿系感染5.6% - 全身性感染34.7%；严重全身性感染47.3%
巴西［19］ 前瞻队列 急诊（1） 2004-02至2004-04及2004-07至2004-09 5 332 严重全身性感染6.4% 下呼吸道感染56.7%；泌尿系感染21.1% - 严重全身性感染住院病死率64.0%
哥伦比亚［14］ 前瞻队列 急诊、ICU及普通病房（10家医院） 2007-09至2008-02 49 739 全身性感染3.6% 社区获得性感染：泌尿系感染28.6%；肺炎22.8%；医院获得性感染：肺炎26.6%；泌尿系感染20.4% - 全身性感染28 d病死率7.6%；严重全身性感染28 d病死率22.3%
欧洲
法国［39］ 前瞻队列 ICU（170） 1993-01至1993-02 11 828 严重全身性感染6.0% 肺部感染40.0%；腹部感染32.0% 革兰阳性菌51.0%；革兰阴性菌59.0% 严重全身性感染28 d病死率56.0%
意大利［16］ 前瞻队列 ICU（99） 1993-04至1994-03 1 101 全身性感染4.5%；严重全身性感染2.1% - - 全身性感染36.0%；严重全身性感染52.2%
英国、威尔逊和北爱尔兰［10］ 前瞻队列 ICU（172） 1995-12至2005-01 343 860 入住ICU最初24 h内严重全身性感染发病率23.5%~28.7% - - 严重全身性感染住院病死率48.3%~44.7%
英国、威尔逊和北爱尔兰［22］ 前瞻队列 ICU（91） 1995—2000 56 673 严重全身性感染27.1% - 严重全身性感染住院病死率47.0%
克罗地亚［38］ 队列 MICU（1） 2000-01至2005-12 5 022 全身性感染6.3% 泌尿系感染54%；皮肤软组织18.5% 革兰阳性菌32.0%；革兰阴性菌64.0% 全身性感染住院病死率17.0%
法国［25］ 前瞻队列 ICU（206） 2001-11（2周） 3 738 严重全身性感染14.6% - - 严重全身性感染30 d病死率35.0%
24个国家［26］ 前瞻队列 ICU（198） 2002-05（2周） 3 147 全身性感染37.0% 肺部感染68.0%；腹部感染22.0% 革兰阳性菌40.0%；革兰阴性菌38.0% 全身性感染住院病死率30.0%
西班牙［37］ 前瞻队列 ICU及普通病房（3家医院） 2003-03至2003-06 15 852 全身性感染4.4% - 革兰阳性菌41.7%；革兰阴性菌56.9% 全身性感染住院病死率13.0%；严重全身性感染住院病死率28.0%
德国［42］ 横断面 ICU（454） 2003（1 d） 3 877 全身性感染12.2%，严重全身性感染10.7% 呼吸道感染62.9%，腹部25.3% 革兰阳性菌55.7%；革兰阴性菌54.1% 严重全身性感染ICU病死率48.4%，住院病死率55.2%
芬兰［40］ 前瞻队列 ICU（24） 2004-11至2005-02 4 500 严重全身性感染10.4% 肺部感染43.0%；腹腔内感染32.0% - 严重全身性感染ICU病死率15.5%，住院病死率28.3%
斯洛维尼亚［41］ 回顾 ICU（24） 2004-03（15 d） 701 ICU住院患者严重全身性感染13.0% 肺部感染42.9%，腹部感染20.9% 革兰阳性菌40.7%；革兰阴性菌35.2% 严重全身性感染28 d病死率45.1%
意大利［17］ 前瞻队列 ICU（24） 2006-04至2006-09 3 902 全身性感染11.4% 肺部感染60.8%；腹部感染30.9% - ICU病死率41.3%
亚太地区
澳大利亚与新西兰［43］ 前瞻队列 ICU（23） 1999-05至1999-06 5 878 严重全身性感染11.8% 肺部感染50.3%；腹腔内感染19.3% 革兰阳性菌48.3%；革兰阴性菌38.5% 严重全身性感染ICU病死率26.5%，28 d病死率32.4%，住院病死率37.5%
澳大利亚与新西兰［6］ 回顾 ICU（171） 2000-01至2012-12 - - 严重全身性感染住院病死率24.0%
泰国［49］ 前瞻队列 ICU（1） 2004-07至2006-06 2 057 严重全身性感染18.9% 呼吸系统感染50.0%；胃肠道感染17.7% 革兰阴性菌68.0%；革兰阳性菌19.9% 严重全身性感染住院病死率49.7%
中国［44］ 前瞻队列 外科ICU（10） 2004-12至2005-11 3 665 严重全身性感染8.7% 腹部感染72.3%；肺部感染52.8% 革兰阳性菌45.9%；革兰阴性菌53.8% 严重全身性感染住院病死率48.7%
韩国［73］ 前瞻队列 ICU（22） 2005-04至2009-02 - - 呼吸系统感染30.2%；泌尿系统感染26.4% 革兰阳性菌20.0%；革兰阴性菌43.0% 严重全身性感染28 d病死率23.0%
16个国家［20］ 前瞻队列 ICU（150） 2009-07（1个月） - 严重全身性感染10.9% 肺部感染37.4%；腹部感染21.1% - 全身性感染ICU病死率36.7%，住院病死率44.5%
中国［21］ 前瞻 ICU（22） 2009-07至2009-08 1 297 严重全身性感染37.3% 肺部感染86.6%；腹腔内感染16.5% 革兰阳性菌14.5%；革兰阴性菌62.5% 严重全身性感染ICU病死率28.7%，住院病死率33.5%
中东地区
沙特阿拉伯［74］ 前瞻队列 ICU（2） 2004-01至2004-02 165 严重全身性感染25.4% 肺部感染55.0%；腹腔内感染17.0% 革兰阳性菌37.5%；革兰阴性菌62.5% 严重全身性感染54.7%
表2 基于人群的全身性感染的流行病学研究
作者 国家 研究期限 研究地点 诊断人数 发病率 病死率
Martin等［27］ 美国 1979—2000 全美国 10 319 418名全身性感染 全身性感染每年（82.7~240.4）/10万人 全身性感染住院病死率27.8%（1979—1984年）~17.9%（1995—2000年）
Dombrovskiy等［75］ 美国 1993—2003 20%社区医院 全身性感染8 403 766人；严重全身性感染2 857 476人 严重全身性感染每年（66.8~132）/10万人 严重全身性感染住院病死率45.8%~37.8%
Angus等［8］ 美国 1995 7个州 192 980名严重全身性感染患者 住院患者严重全身性感染2.26%，人群发病率300/10万人 严重全身性感染28.6%
Hall等［2］ 美国 2000—2008 全美国 因全身性感染或菌血症入院人数326 000人（2000年），727 000人（2008年） 全身性感染人群每年（116~240）/10万人 全身性感染住院病死率17.0%
Lagu等［7］ 美国 2003—2007 全美国 4 799 565名全身性感染患者；2 899 917名严重全身性感染患者 住院患者全身性感染3.0%；住院患者严重全身性感染1.8%；人群严重全身性感染每年（200~300）/10万人 严重全身性感染住院病死率29.0%~37.0%；人群病死率每年（75~87）/10万人
Andreu Ballester等［76］ 西班牙 1995—2004 巴伦西亚 33 767名全身性感染患者 全身性感染每年（64.11~114.02）/10万人 全身性感染病死率42.5%
Inigo等［77］ 西班牙 2001 马德里 6 968名严重全身性感染 严重全身性感染每年141/10万人 严重全身性感染病死率33.0%
Bouza等［78］ 西班牙 2006—2011 全西班牙 240 939名严重全身性感染 住院患者严重全身性感染1.1%；人群严重全身性感染每年87/10万人 严重全身性感染住院病死率43.0%
Shen等［79］ 中国 1997—2006 台湾地区 5 258名严重全身性感染 人群严重全身性感染每年（135~217）/10万人 严重全身性感染住院病死率30.2%
Sundararajan等［80］ 澳大利亚 1999-07至2003-06 维多利亚州 33 741名全身性感染患者 住院患者全身性感染1.1%；人群全身性感染每年（166~194）/10万人；人群严重全身性感染每年（65~76）/10万人 全身性感染住院病死率18.4%；严重全身性感染住院病死率31.1%
Flaatten等［81］ 挪威 1999 全挪威 6 665名全身性感染；2 121名严重全身性感染 住院患者全身性感染9.5‰，严重全身性感染3.0‰；人群全身性感染每年149/10万人 全身性感染病死率13.5%，严重全身性感染病死率27.0%
[1]
Pittet D, Rangel-Frausto S, Li N, et al. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: incidence, morbidities and outcomes in surgical ICU patients[J]. Intensive Care Med, 1995, 21(4): 302-309.
[2]
Hall MJ, Williams SN, DeFrances CJ, et al. Inpatient care for septicemia or sepsis: a challenge for patients and hospitals[J]. Nchs Data Brief, 2011, 62(62): 1-8.
[3]
Arias E, Anderson RN, Kung HC, et al. Deaths:final data for 2001[J]. Natl Vital Stat Rep, 2003, 52(3): 1-115.
[4]
Stevenson EK, Rubenstein AR, Radin GT, et al. Two decades of mortality trends among patients with severe sepsis: a comparative meta-analysis[J]. Crit Care Med, 2014, 42(3): 625-631.
[5]
Gaieski DF, Edwards JM, Kallan MJ, et al. Benchmarking the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the United States[J]. Crit Care Med, 2013, 41(5): 1167-1174.
[6]
Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, et al. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012[J]. JAMA, 2014, 311(13): 1308-1316.
[7]
Lagu T, Rothberg MB, Shieh MS, et al. Hospitalizations, costs, and outcomes of severe sepsis in the United States 2003 to 2007[J]. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(3): 754-761.
[8]
Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care[J]. Crit Care Med, 2001, 29(7): 1303-1310.
[9]
Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, et al. Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Rea Network[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2003, 168(2): 165-172.
[10]
Harrison DA, Welch CA, Eddleston JM. The epidemiology of severe sepsis in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 1996 to 2004: secondary analysis of a high quality clinical database, the ICNARC case mix programme database[J]. Crit Care, 2006, 10(2):R42.
[11]
Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock[J]. N Engl J Med, 2014, 371(18): 1683-1693.
[12]
Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, et al. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock[J]. N Engl J Med, 2014, 371(16): 1496-1506.
[13]
Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, et al. Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372(14): 1301-1311.
[14]
Rodriguez F, Barrera L, De La Rosa G, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in Colombia: a prospective multicenter cohort study in ten university hospitals[J]. Crit Care Med, 2011, 39(7): 1675-1682.
[15]
Stiermaier T, Herkner H, Tobudic S, et al. Incidence and long-term outcome of sepsis on general wards and in an ICU at the general hospital of Vienna: an observational cohort study[J]. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 2013, 125(11-12): 302-308.
[16]
Salvo I, de Cian W, Musicco M, et al. The Italian Sepsis study: preliminary results on the incidence and evolution of SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock[J]. Intensive Care Med, 1995, 21 Suppl 2(2): S244-249.
[17]
Sakr Y, Elia C, Mascia L, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of sepsis syndromes in Italian ICUs: a muticentre, observational cohort study in the region of Piedmont[J]. Minerva anestesiol, 2013, 79(9): 993-1002.
[18]
Silva E, Pedro Mde A, Sogayar AC, et al. Brazilian Sepsis Epidemiological Study (BASES study)[J]. Crit Care, 2004, 8(4): R251-260.
[19]
Rezende E, Silva JM Jr, Isola AM, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the emergency department and difficulties in the initial assistance[J].Clinics, 2008, 63(4): 457-464.
[20]
Phua J, Koh Y, Du B, et al. Management of severe sepsis in patients admitted to Asian intensive care units: prospective cohort study[J]. BMJ, 2011, 342: d3245.
[21]
Zhou J, Qian C, Zhao M, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in intensive care units in mainland China[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(9): e107181.
[22]
Padkin A, Goldfrad C, Brady AR, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis occurring in the first 24 hrs in intensive care units in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland[J]. Crit Care Med, 2003, 31(9): 2332-2338.
[23]
Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2001, 358(10): 699-709.
[24]
Danai PA, Sinha S, Moss M, et al. Seasonal variation in the epidemiology of sepsis[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(2):410-415.
[25]
Brun-Buisson C, Meshaka P, Pinton P, et al. Episepsis: a reappraisal of the epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis in French intensive care units[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2004, 30(4): 580-588.
[26]
Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, et al. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study[J]. Crit Care Med, 2006, 34(2): 344-353.
[27]
Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000[J]. N Engl J Med, 2003, 360(16): 1546-1554.
[28]
Fleischmann C, Scherag A, Adhikari NK, et al. Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current estimates and limitations[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2016, 193(3): 259-272.
[29]
Whittaker SA, Mikkelsen ME, Gaieski DF, et al. Severe sepsis cohorts derived from claims-based strategies appear to be biased toward a more severely ill patient population[J]. Crit Care Med, 2013, 41(4): 945-953.
[30]
Iwashyna TJ, Odden A, Rohde J, et al. Identifying patients with severe sepsis using administrative claims: patient-level validation of the angus implementation of the international consensus conference definition of severe sepsis[J]. Med care, 2014, 52(6): e39-43.
[31]
Wang HE, Addis DR, Donnelly JP, et al. Discharge diagnoses versus medical record review in the identification of community-acquired sepsis[J]. Crit Care, 2015, 19(1): 771.
[32]
Wilhelms SB, Huss FR, Granath G, et al. Assessment of incidence of severe sepsis in Sweden using different ways of abstracting international classification of diseases codes: difficulties with methods and interpretation of results[J]. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(6): 1442-1449.
[33]
Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C, Burchardi H, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2002, 28(2):108-121.
[34]
Esper AM, Martin GS. Extending international sepsis epidemiology: the impact of organ dysfunction[J]. Crit Care, 2009, 13(1): 120.
[35]
Blanco J, Muriel-Bombin A, Sagredo V, et al. Incidence, organ dysfunction and mortality in severe sepsis: a Spanish multicentre study[J]. Crit Care, 2008, 12(6): R158.
[36]
Walkey AJ, Lagu T, Lindenauer PK. Trends in Sepsis and infection sources in the United States: a population based study[J]. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2015, 12(5): 785.
[37]
Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, et al. Sepsis incidence and outcome: contrasting the intensive care unit with the hospital ward[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(5): 1284-1289.
[38]
Degoricija V, Sharma M, Legac A, et al. Survival analysis of 314 episodes of sepsis in medical intensive care unit in university hospital: impact of intensive care unit performance and antimicrobial therapy[J]. Croat Med J, 2006, 47(3): 385-397.
[39]
Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults. A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units. French ICU Group for Severe Sepsis[J]. JAMA, 1995, 274(12): 968-974.
[40]
Karlsson S, Varpula M, Ruokonen E, et al. Incidence, treatment, and outcome of severe sepsis in ICU-treated adults in Finland: the Finnsepsis study[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2007, 33(3): 435-443.
[41]
Beovic B, Hladnik Z, Pozenel P, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in Slovenian intensive care units for adults[J]. J Chemother, 2008, 20(1): 134-136.
[42]
Engel C, Brunkhorst FM, Bone HG, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis in Germany: results from a national prospective multicenter study[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2007, 33(4): 606-618.
[43]
Finfer S, Bellomo R, Lipman J, et al. Adult-population incidence of severe sepsis in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2004, 30(4): 589-596.
[44]
Cheng B, Xie G, Yao S, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in critically ill surgical patients in ten university hospitals in China[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(11): 2538-2546.
[45]
Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Pilcher D, et al. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372(17): 1629-1638.
[46]
Umegaki T, Ikai H, Imanaka Y. The impact of acute organ dysfunction on patientsʹ mortality with severe sepsis[J]. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol, 2011, 27(2): 180-184.
[47]
Gogos CA, Lekkou A, Papageorgiou O, et al. Clinical prognostic markers in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective analysis of 139 consecutive cases[J]. J Infect, 2003, 47(4): 300-306.
[48]
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3)[J]. JAMA, 2016, 315(8): 801-810.
[49]
Khwannimit B, Bhurayanontachai R. The epidemiology of, and risk factors for, mortality from severe sepsis and septic shock in a tertiary-care university hospital setting[J]. Epidemiol Infect, 2009, 137(9): 1333-1341.
[50]
Kang CI, Song JH, Chung DR, et al. Risk factors and pathogenic significance of severe sepsis and septic shock in 2286 patients with gram-negative bacteremia[J]. J Infect, 2011, 62(1): 26-33.
[51]
Zhang K, Mao X, Fang Q, et al. Impaired long-term quality of life in survivors of severe sepsis: Chinese multicenter study over 6 years[J]. Anaesthesist, 62(12): 995-1002.
[52]
Heyland DK, Hopman W, Coo H, et al. Long-term health-related quality of life in survivors of sepsis. Short Form 36: a valid and reliable measure of health-related quality of life[J]. Crit Care Med, 2000, 28(11): 3599-3605.
[53]
Winters BD, Eberlein M, Leung J, et al. Long-term mortality and quality of life in sepsis: a systematic review[J]. Crit Care Med, 38(5): 1276-1283.
[54]
Jones TK, Fuchs BD, Small DS, et al. Post-Acute Care Use and Hospital Readmission after Sepsis[J]. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2015, 12(6): 904-913.
[55]
Goodwin AJ, Rice DA, Simpson KN, et al. Frequency, cost, and risk factors of readmissions among severe sepsis survivors[J]. Crit Care Med, 43(4): 738-746.
[56]
Ortego A, Gaieski DF, Fuchs BD, et al.Hospital-based acute care use in survivors of septic shock[J]. Critical Care Medicine, 2015, 43(4): 729-737.
[57]
Prescott HC, Langa KM, Liu V, et al. Increased 1-year healthcare use in survivors of severe sepsis[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2014, 190(1): 62-69.
[58]
Dick A, Liu H, Zwanziger J, et al. Long-term survival and healthcare utilization outcomes attributable to sepsis and pneumonia[J]. BMC Health Serv Res, 2012, 12(1): 1-10.
[59]
Linder A, Guh D, Boyd JH, et al. Long-term (10-year) mortality of younger previously healthy patients with severe sepsis/septic shock is worse than that of patients with nonseptic critical illness and of the general population[J]. Crit Care Med, 2014, 42(10): 2211-2218.
[60]
Prescott HC, Osterholzer JJ, Langa KM, et al. Late mortality after sepsis: propensity matched cohort study[J]. BMJ, 2016, 353: i2375.
[61]
Iwashyna TJ, Cooke CR, Wunsch H, et al. Population burden of long-term survivorship after severe sepsis in older Americans[J]. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2012, 60(6): 1070-1077.
[62]
Vary TC, Kimball SR. Sepsis-induced changes in protein synthesis: differential effects on fast- and slow-twitch muscles[J]. Am J Physiol, 1992, 262(1): 1513-1519.
[63]
Cooney R, Kimball SR, Eckman R, et al. TNF-binding protein ameliorates inhibition of skeletal muscle protein synthesis during sepsis[J]. Am J Physiol, 1999, 276(1): E611-619.
[64]
Callahan LA, Supinski GS. Sepsis-induced myopathy[J]. Crit Care Med, 2009, 37(10 Suppl): 354-367.
[65]
Voisin L, Breuille D, Combaret L, et al. Muscle wasting in a rat model of long-lasting sepsis results from the activation of lysosomal, Ca2+-activated, and ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathways[J]. J Clin Invest, 1996, 97(7): 1610-1617.
[66]
Guirgis FW, Khadpe JD, Kuntz GM, et al. Persistent organ dysfunction after severe sepsis: a systematic review[J]. J Crit Care, 2014, 29(3): 320-326.
[67]
Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, et al. Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis[J]. JAMA, 2010, 304(16): 1787-1794.
[68]
Kuo HK, Sorond F, Iloputaife I , et al. Effect of blood pressure on cognitive functions in elderly persons[J]. J Gerontol, 2004, 59(11): 1191-1194.
[69]
Kamer AR. Systemic inflammation and disease progression in Alzheimer disease[J]. Neurology, 2009, 74(14): 1157.
[70]
Kuo HK, Yen CJ, Chang CH, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to stroke, cognitive disorders, and depression in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Lancet Neurology, 2005, 4(6): 371-380.
[71]
Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, et al. Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness[J]. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(7): 1513-1520.
[72]
Iwashyna TJ, Netzer G, Langa KM, et al. Spurious inferences about long-term outcomes: the case of severe sepsis and geriatric conditions[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012, 185(8): 835-841.
[73]
Park DW, Chun BC, Kim JM, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of community-acquired severe sepsis and septic shock: a prospective observational study in 12 university hospitals in Korea[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2012, 27(11): 1308-1314.
[74]
Baharoon S, Al-Jahdali H, Al Hashmi J, et al.Severe sepsis and septic shock at the Hajj: etiologies and outcomes[J].Travel Med Infect Dis, 2009, 7(4): 247-252.
[75]
Dombrovskiy VY, Martin AA, Sunderram J, et al. Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(5): 1244-1250.
[76]
Andreu Ballester JC, Ballester F, Gonzalez S A, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis in the Valencian Community (Spain), 1995-2004[J]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2008, 29(7): 630-634.
[77]
Inigo J, Sendra JM, Diaz R, et al. Epidemiology and costs of severe sepsis in Madrid. A hospital discharge study[J]. Medicina Intensiva, 2006, 30(5): 197-203.
[78]
Bouza C, Lopez-Cuadrado T, Saz-Parkinson Z, et al. Epidemiology and recent trends of severe sepsis in Spain: a nationwide population-based analysis (2006-2011)[J]. BMC Infect Disea, 2014, 14(1): 717.
[79]
Shen HN, Lu CL, Yang HH. Epidemiologic trend of severe sepsis in Taiwan from 1997 through 2006[J]. Chest, 2010, 138(2): 298-304.
[80]
Sundararajan V, Macisaac CM, Presneill JJ, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis in Victoria, Australia[J]. Crit Care Med, 2005, 33(1): 71-80.
[81]
Flaatten H. Epidemiology of sepsis in Norway in 1999[J]. Crit Care, 2004, 8(4): R180-R184.
[1] 应康, 杨璨莹, 刘凤珍, 陈丽丽, 刘燕娜. 左心室心肌应变对无症状重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的预后评估价值[J]. 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）, 2023, 20(06): 581-587.
[2] 李越洲, 张孔玺, 李小红, 商中华. 基于生物信息学分析胃癌中PUM的预后意义[J]. 中华普通外科学文献(电子版), 2023, 17(06): 426-432.
[3] 张俊, 罗再, 段茗玉, 裘正军, 黄陈. 胃癌预后预测模型的研究进展[J]. 中华普通外科学文献(电子版), 2023, 17(06): 456-461.
[4] 杨倩, 李翠芳, 张婉秋. 原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血急诊TACE术后的近远期预后及影响因素分析[J]. 中华普外科手术学杂志(电子版), 2024, 18(01): 33-36.
[5] 栗艳松, 冯会敏, 刘明超, 刘泽鹏, 姜秋霞. STIP1在三阴性乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义研究[J]. 中华普外科手术学杂志(电子版), 2024, 18(01): 52-56.
[6] 马伟强, 马斌林, 吴中语, 张莹. microRNA在三阴性乳腺癌进展中发挥的作用[J]. 中华普外科手术学杂志(电子版), 2024, 18(01): 111-114.
[7] 江振剑, 蒋明, 黄大莉. TK1、Ki67蛋白在分化型甲状腺癌组织中的表达及预后价值研究[J]. 中华普外科手术学杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(06): 623-626.
[8] 潘冰, 吕少诚, 赵昕, 李立新, 郎韧, 贺强. 淋巴结清扫数目对远端胆管癌胰十二指肠切除手术疗效的影响[J]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2023, 12(06): 608-612.
[9] 张其坤, 商福超, 李琪, 栗光明, 王孟龙. 联合脾切除对肝癌合并门静脉高压症患者根治性切除术后的生存获益分析[J]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2023, 12(06): 613-618.
[10] 张文华, 陶焠, 胡添松. 不同部位外生型肝癌临床病理特点及其对术后肝内复发和预后影响[J]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2023, 12(06): 651-655.
[11] 张维志, 刘连新. 基于生物信息学分析IPO7在肝癌中的表达及意义[J]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2023, 12(06): 694-701.
[12] 叶文涛, 吴忠均, 廖锐. 癌旁组织ALOX15表达与肝癌根治性切除术后预后的关系[J]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2023, 12(06): 708-712.
[13] 李永胜, 孙家和, 郭书伟, 卢义康, 刘洪洲. 高龄结直肠癌患者根治术后短期并发症及其影响因素[J]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(9): 962-967.
[14] 王军, 刘鲲鹏, 姚兰, 张华, 魏越, 索利斌, 陈骏, 苗成利, 罗成华. 腹膜后肿瘤切除术中大量输血患者的麻醉管理特点与分析[J]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(08): 844-849.
[15] 索利斌, 刘鲲鹏, 姚兰, 张华, 魏越, 王军, 陈骏, 苗成利, 罗成华. 原发性腹膜后副神经节瘤切除术麻醉管理的特点和分析[J]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(07): 771-776.
阅读次数
全文


摘要

版权所有 中华医学会 中华医学电子音像出版社有限责任公司  京ICP备14006079号-1  网络出版服务许可证：(署)网出证(京)字第075号