Lung transplantation (LTx) has become an effective therapy method for carefully selected patients with end-stage lung disease. With the improvement of organ harvesting technology, organ preservation and surgical technology, the success rate of surgery has been significantly improved. Whlie the lung is the only entity transplanted which connects with the outside world, there are virous factors that associated with the post-operative complications. Primary graft dysfunction, infection and acute rejection are major complication in the early stage after surgery. Standardized and precise management after operation, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU) is important to prevent post-operative complications of LTx and improve the outcome. With the increasing demand for transplantation, intensivists need to be familiar with the problems after LTx.